Exam Two Flashcards by Billy Mainwaring

What is the relationship between cross sectional diameter and force development?

Greater cross section area means a greater potential for force development

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What is the relationship between muscle length and capacity for shortening?

Longer muscles can shorten through a greater range of motion

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What are the two types of muscle fiber arrangement?

Parallel

Pennate

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What advantages do parallel muscle fibers have over pennate?

Greater range of motion

Run parallel to tendon

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What advantages do pennate muscle fibers have over parallel?

Shorter
Increased cross sectional area = more force
Oriented obliquely to tendon

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What are the different types of pennate muscle fibers?

Unipennate - Vastus medialis
Bipennate - Gastrocnemius
Multipennate - Deltoid - Greatest CSA

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What are the different types of muscle fibers?

Type 1 - oxidative, slow twitch
Type 2a - Fast oxidative glycolytic
Type 2b - Fast glycolytic

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What are the roles of muscles?

Agonist
Antagonist
Synergist
Neutralizers
Stabilizers

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What do agonist muscles do?

Causes motion through a specific plane of motion

Prime mover

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What do antagonist muscles do?

Muscle on opposite side of joint of the agonist

Causes opposite action

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What do synergist muscles do?

Guiding muscles

Eliminates undesired movements

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What do neutralizer muscles do?

Neutralize or counteract other muscles to prevent unwanted movement
Two joint muscles

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What are the four ways to inhibit muscle contraction?

No action potential
No ATP
No calcium
No lactate and hydrogen

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What are the steps of Excitation contraction coupling?

Action potential reaches cellular membrane
Action potential triggers calcium release from sacroplasm
Calcium binds with the traponin protein on the actin
Tropomyosin moves to uncover active site, allows myosin to bind to actin
Energy release strenghtens the actin-myosin bond (powerstroke)
Actin and myosin filaments slide together
Muscle shortens

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What are myofibrils?

Subunits of muscle cells that contain contractile units

Actin and Myosin

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What is skeletal muscle composed of?

Muscle cells
Nerve tissue
Blood
Connective tissue

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What are the three layers of connective tissue?

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

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What are the properties of muscle tissue?

Elasticity
Excitability
Contractability
Extensibility

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What is the origin of a muscle?

Less moveable bone that a muscle is attached to

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What is the insertion of a muscle?

More moveable bone that a muscle is attached to

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What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Storage tubules in sarcoplasm

Stores calcium

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What is a motor unit?

Alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it stimulates

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What are tendons?

Fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

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What is isometric contraction?

A muscle contracts producing force without changing the length of the muscle

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What is isotonic contraction?

A muscle contracts producing force with a change in muscle length and joint angle

What are the two types of isotonic contraction?

Eccentric - muscle lengthens | Concentric - muscle shortens

What is isokinetic tension?

Speed of muscle length change is held constant throughout the entire contraction or extension

What is the stretch-shorten cycle?

An eccentric contraction immediately followed by a concentric contraction

What causes edema?

Accumulation of inflamatory mediators and fluids

Which of the two myofiberals move?

Actin moves | Myosin remains in its location

What is proprioception?

Sensations in the CNS that result with neuromuscular activity

What is kinesthesis?

Awareness of body in regards to space

What branch of the nervous system deals with voluntary movement?

Peripheral nervous system | Somatic nervous system

What is the reflex arc?

Sensory receptors Afferent fibers (Sensory neuron) Efferent fibers (Motor neuron) Reaction

What are proprioreceptors?

Provide feedback relative to tension, length and state of involved segments with respect to contractile state

What role do muscle spindles play in propriorecption?

Sensitive to stretch and rate of stretch | Found in muscle belly

What role do golgi tendon organs play in propriorecption?

Protective in nature In tendons Respond to muscle tension

What is the all or none principal?

Action potential either fires or it does not | All fibers in a motor unit will contract or they will not

What is the connection between muscle spindles and the stretch reflex?

Rapid muscle stretch occurs Sensory impulse to CNS CNS activates motor neurons, reinforcing stretch

How can muscle fiber recruitment be increased?

Activating more motor units Activate units containing more fibers Increase signal frequency

What is the force velocity relationship?

In concentric contractions: as force increases, shortening velocity decreases In eccentric contractions: as force increases, lengthening velocity increases

What is the length tension relationship?

Potential tension is greatest when muscle is stretched between 100-130% of its resting length when contraction is initiated

What factors affect tension development?

Signal strength | Frequency

What are the cranial bones?

``` Frontal bone Occipital bone 2 Parietal bones Sphenoid bone 2 Temporal bones Ethmoid bone ```

What are the sutures that the parietal bones are a part of?

Sagittal suture - seperates parietal bones Coronal suture - seperates frontal from parietal Lambdoid - seperates occipital from parietals Squamous - seperates temporal and parietal

What is the difference between facial and cranial bones?

Facial bones have no direct contact with the brain or meniges

What are the features of the temporal bone?

``` Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa External acoustic meatus Styloid process Mastoid process ```

What are the four parts that the temporal bone can be divided into?

Mastoid part Squamous part Mastoid part Petrous part

What are the features of the occipital bone?

Occipital condyles | Foramen magnum

What are the features of the sphenoid bone?

Center is called the sella turcica

What are the features of the ethmoid bone?

Medial crest is called: Crista galli

What is important about the crista galli?

Point of attachment for meniges

What are the facial bones?

``` Maxillae X 2 Nasal bones X 2 Palantine bones X 2 Inferior nasal conchae X 2 Zygomatic processes X 2 Vomer X 1 Mandible X 1 Lacrimal X 2 ```

What is the importance of the maxillae?

Forms roof of mouth and floor of nasal cavity

What are the palantine bones split into?

Hard palate | Soft palate

What is the importance of the lacrimal bone?

Form part of the medial wall of each orbit

What is the importance of the vomer?

Forms inferior portion of the nasal

What is the importance of the mandible?

Strongest bone in skull Only facial bone that can move Body, angel and ramus

What are the divisions of the vertebral column?

``` 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral - fused to form sacrum 5 Coccyx - fused to form tailbone ```

What are the thoracic vertebrae specialized for?

Rib attachment | Have costal facets

What parts of the spine curve in a convex manner?

Cervical and lumbar

What parts of the spine curve in a concave manner?

Thoracic and pelvic

What are the abnormal spinal curvatures?

Lordosis - exagerated lumbar curviture (Dan) Kyphosis - Exagerated thoracic curviture (hunchback) Scoliosis - lateral deviation

What is the thoracic cage?

Bony enclosure that encloses lungs and heart | Components are strenum and 12 pairs of ribs

What are true ribs?

Attach to the sternum

How many true ribs and false ribs do humans have?

Seven pairs of true ribs | Five pairs of false ribs

What are the general vertebral features?

Body Vertebral foramen Spinous process Transverse process

What are the features that only cervical vertebrae have?

Relatively small Transverse foramen Forked spinous process

What is the first cervical vertebrae called?

Atlas

What is the second cervical vertebrae called?

Axis | Has dens process, allows rotation

Exam Two Flashcards

(70 cards)