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GEOL > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Closure temperature:

A

temperature at which mineral cools enough so daughter isotopes are trapped in the mineral

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2
Q

Two ways to date sedimentary beds

A
  1. Use fossils

2. Volcanic ash beds

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3
Q

Oldest mineral:

A

“Zircon” - 4.4By

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4
Q

Magnetic flip takes ____ years

A

6000

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5
Q

Definition of a “stream”

A

Flowing natural pathway

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6
Q

Stream channel morphology:

A
  1. Sediment load
  2. Volume
  3. Pollution
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7
Q

Hydrological Cycle driven by _____

A

solar energy

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8
Q

Discharge

A

Amount water stream is carrying

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9
Q

Load

A

Amount of sediment

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10
Q

Downstream changes

A
  1. Small grain-size
  2. Bigger channel width
  3. Lower steepness
  4. Increase discharge / sediment load
  5. Higher flow velocity
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11
Q

Upstream changes

A
  1. Large grain-size
  2. Smaller channel width
  3. Higher steepness
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12
Q

Lag in hydrograph due to _____

A

absorption

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13
Q

Saltation

A

Bouncing rocks

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14
Q

Alluvium

A

River sediment deposited

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15
Q

Point bar

A

Deposition due to lower velocity of meandering streams

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16
Q

Cutbank

A

Erosion due to higher velocity

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17
Q

Oxbow lake

A

Cutoff meander from stream taking shortcut

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18
Q

Where in the stream is the velocity the greatest?

A

Cutbank

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19
Q

Deposition occurs if _____

A

load is greater than capacity (braided channels)

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20
Q

Finer grained (Meandering / Braided)?

A

Meandering

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21
Q

Coarser grained (Meandering / Braided)?

A

Braided

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22
Q

More suspended load (Meandering / Braided)?

A

Meandering

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23
Q

More bedload (Meandering / Braided)?

A

Braided

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24
Q

What causes terraces to form?

A

Interactions between river erosion, surface uplift (tectonic activity)

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25
Q

Alluvial fans formed by

A

Steep stream flowing into a valley

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26
Q

Alluvial fans tend to form in ____

A

dry areas

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27
Q

Deltas formed when

A

fast water hits the ocean

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28
Q

“Stream capture”

A

interception of one stream drainage by another

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29
Q

Types of Streams:

A

sd

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30
Q

Groundwater

A

Water held in pore spaces of bedrock and soil

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31
Q

Groundwater contains __ % of all liquid fresh water

A

99

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32
Q

“Water table”

A

depth to saturated zone

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33
Q

“Capillary fringe zone”

A

Boundary between unsaturated and saturated zones

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34
Q

“Capillary action”:

A

adhesive force of water drawing water into tiny space

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35
Q

Water quantity - porosity:

A

Volume of pores / Total volume

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36
Q

Well sorted rocks have ____ space

A

more

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37
Q

Not well sorted rocks have ____ space

A

less

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38
Q

Primary porosity

A

Original pore space

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39
Q

Secondary porosity

A

Space from fractures

40
Q

Lithification

A

Cementation

41
Q

Lithification _____ porosity

A

reduces

42
Q

____ & ____ rocks have very low pore space

A

Igneous and metamorphic

43
Q

Sandstone has ___% porosity

A

5-30

44
Q

“Permeability”

A

measure of ease of water flow

45
Q

Permeability depends on

A

connectivity between pore spaces

46
Q

Aquifer

A

Highly permeable rock

47
Q

Aquitard

A

Low permeable rock

48
Q

Confined aquifer

A

Aquifer sandwiched between aquitards

49
Q

Perched water table

A

Water table supported by small piece of aquitard rock

50
Q

Zone where water enters water table

A

Recharge

51
Q

Zone where water leaves water table

A

Discharge

52
Q

Hydraulic Gradient

A

Slope of water table

53
Q

Hydraulic Conductivity depends on

A
  1. Permeability of rock

2. Density / Viscocity of fluids

54
Q

Henry Darcy

A

Came up with way to measure velocity of water underground

55
Q

~30% of US irrigation water comes from _____

A

The High Plains Aquifer (Ogallala)

56
Q

Artesian Well

A

Recharge zone higher in elevation than well hole

57
Q

Potentiometric surface

A

level water would be at if not for aquitard

58
Q

Hottest mineral

A

Olivine

59
Q

Coldest mineral

A

Quartz

60
Q

Quartz is a ____ silicate

A

framework

61
Q

Biotite & Mica are ____ silicates

A

Sheet

62
Q

Amphibole is a ____ silicate

A

double chain

63
Q

Pyroxene is a ____ silicate

A

single chain

64
Q

Olivine is a ____ silicate

A

Single tetrahedra

65
Q

Taking too much water out of ground leads to ____

A

subsidence

66
Q

“Subsidence”

A

compaction of rocks due to extraction of water from pores

67
Q

Salt water intrusion

A

when salt water (more dense) flows under and into the continent

68
Q

Boundary between freshwater and saltwater

A

Zone of dispersion

69
Q

What affects water quality?

A
  1. Dissolved solids
  2. Gasses
  3. Pollutants
70
Q

3 Step process to bad taste

A
  1. Oxidation of organic matter
  2. Dissolution
  3. Cation exchange on clays
71
Q

Water quality decreases ___ in aquifer

A

deeper

72
Q

Limestone aquifer (PROS)

A
  1. Don’t fracture from overpumping

2. Refill quickly

73
Q

Limestone aquifer (CONS)

A

Easily contaminated

74
Q

Hard water comes more from ____

A

limestones

75
Q

Soft water comes more from ___

A

shales, clays

76
Q

_____ rock produces best water quality

A

Igneous

77
Q

Desert latitudes

A

30 N & 30 S

78
Q

Desert latitudes due to _____

A

dry air sinking (high pressure zones)

79
Q

Rainy belt latitudes (Bread baskets)

A

50 N & 50 S

80
Q

Glaciers form in ______

A

zones of accumulation

81
Q

Glaciers melt in _____

A

zones of wastage

82
Q

3 Major climate cells

A
  1. Polar
  2. Mid-latitude
  3. Hadley
83
Q

Most recent glacial period

A

The Pleistocene

84
Q

What causes glacial intervals?

A
  1. “Precession”
  2. “Eccentricity”
  3. “Tilt”
85
Q

“Precession”

A

Wobble of earth’s axis

86
Q

Precession change interval

A

26,000 years

87
Q

“Eccentricity”

A

Orbital shape

88
Q

Eccentricityy change interval

A

100,000 yrs

89
Q

Tilt change interval

A

41,000 yrs

90
Q

Impact of orbital changes on earth’s orbit discovered by _____

A

Milankovitch (Serbian Geoscientist)

91
Q

Fossil CO2 from ice cores

A

Used to measure CO2 levels over time

92
Q

O16 found more in

A

Ice

93
Q

O18 found more in

A

Ocean

94
Q

Relevance of Vostok Core

A

confirmed relation b/w greenhouse gases and cycles

95
Q

Effects of climate change

A
  1. Tropical diseases move north
  2. Death of polar ecosystems
  3. Coastal cities disappearing

GEOL (3 decks)

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