Exam 3

Question 1

<p>Deltoid origin</p>

Answer 1

<p>acromial end of clavicle, the acromion, and the spine of the scapula</p>

Question 2

<p>Deltoid insertion</p>

Answer 2

<p>deltoid tuberosity on lateral midregion of humerus</p>

Question 3

<p>Deltoid action</p>

Answer 3

<p>anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm; middle fibers prime mover of
arm abduction; posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm.
</p>

Question 4

<p>Coracobrachialis action</p>

Answer 4

<p>works as a synergist to the pectoralis major in flexing and adducting the arm
(a) Action = adducts and flexes arm</p>

Question 5

<p>Teres major</p>

Answer 5

<p>Latin for “round” and “greater”) works synergistically with the latissimus dorsi by extending, adducting, and medially rotating the arm.
(a) Action = same as latissimus dors</p>

Question 6

<p>4 rotator cuff muscles</p>

Answer 6

<p>Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
</p>

Question 7

<p>Subscapularis</p>

Answer 7

<p>located on the anterior surface of the scapula (between scapula
and ribs).
- Action = medially rotates arm, like when you wind up to pitch a baseball</p>

Question 8

<p>Supraspinatus</p>

Answer 8

<p>located superior to the scapular spine.
- Action = abducts the arm as when you start to execute a pitch of a baseball, with your arm fully abducte</p>

Question 9

<p>Infraspinatus</p>

Answer 9

<p>is located inferior to scapular spine.
- Action = adducts and laterally rotates the arm, like when you slow down your
arm after pitching a basebal</p>

Question 10

<p>Teres minor</p>

Answer 10

<p>Latin for “round” and “lesser”) is located inferior to the infraspinatus.
- Action = same as infraspinatus (synergistic muscles)</p>

Question 11

<p>2 compartments that move the elbow and forearm</p>

Answer 11

<p>Anterior (flexor) compartment, which contains primarily elbow flexors
- Posterior (extensor) compartment, which contains elbow extensors</p>

Question 12

<p>Main flexors</p>

Answer 12

<p>Biceps brachii</p>

Question 13

<p>Main extensor </p>

Answer 13

<p>Triceps brachii</p>

Question 14

<p>Biceps brachii</p>

Answer 14

<p>Latin for “two heads” and “arm”) is a large, two-headed
muscle on the anterior surface of the humerus.</p>

Question 15

<p>Biceps brachii origin </p>

Answer 15

<p>long head originates on the supraglenoid tubercle of scapula while the short
head originates on coracoid process of scapula</p>

Question 16

<p>Biceps brachii insertion</p>

Answer 16

<p>radial tuberostiy and bicipital aponeurosis (</p>

Question 17

<p>Biceps brachii action</p>

Answer 17

<p>flexes elbow joint and is powerful supinator of forearm. An example of this
supination movement occurs when you tighten a screw with your right hand. [The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii crosses the shoulder joint, so this muscle helps flex the humerus as well, albeit weakly]</p>

Question 18

<p>Triceps brachii</p>

Answer 18

<p>Latin for “three heads” and “arm”) is the large, three- headed muscle on the posterior surface of the arm. It is the prime extensor of the elbow joint, and so its action is antagonistic to that of the biceps brachii</p>

Question 19

<p>Triceps brachii origin</p>

Answer 19

<p>long head originates at infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, the lateral head
originates on posterior humerus above radial groove, and the medial head originates
on posterior humerus below radial groove</p>

Question 20

<p>Triceps brachii insertion</p>

Answer 20

<p>all three parts of this muscle merge to form a common insertion on the
olecranon of the ulna</p>

Question 21

<p>Triceps brachii action</p>

Answer 21

<p>primary extensor of the elbow joint [only the long head of the triceps
brachii crosses the glenohumeral joint, where it helps extend the humerus]</p>

Question 22

<p>Anterior compartment of the forearm</p>

Answer 22

<p>Most of the anterior compartment muscles originate on the medial epicondyle of
the humerus via a common flexor tendon. Muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm tend to flex the wrist, the metacarpal joints, and/or the interphalangeal joints of the fingers.</p>

Question 23

<p>Posterior muscles of the forearm</p>

Answer 23

<p>Most of the posterior compartment muscles originate on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus via a common extensor tendon. Muscles in the posterior compartment tend to extend the wrist, the metacarpal joints, and/or the interphalangeal joints.</p>

Question 24

<p>What are the tendons surrounded by</p>

Answer 24

<p>The tendons of forearm muscles typically are surrounded by tendon (synovial)
sheaths and held adjacent to the skeletal elements by strong fascial structures.</p>

Question 25

Fibrous bands in the wrist

Answer 25

Retinacula

Question 26

Retinacula

Answer 26

The retinacula help hold the tendons close to the bone and prevent the tendons from “bowstringing” outward.

Question 27

Flexor retinaculum

Answer 27

Flexor tendons of the digits and the “median nerve” pass through the tight space between the bones and the flexor retinacula, which is called the “carpal tunnel”.

Question 28

What are the posterior carpal bones covered in

Answer 28

Extensor retinaculum

Question 29

Intrinsic muscles of the hand

Answer 29

The intrinsic muscles of the hand are small muscles that both originate and insert on the hand; they are housed entirely within the palm. 1) As was stated earlier, there are no muscles in the fingers (digits).

Question 30

Anterior compartment of leg

Answer 30

extend the knee or flex the thigh

Question 31

Lateral,compartment of leg

Answer 31

abducts the thigh

Question 32

Posterior compartment of leg

Answer 32

flexors of the knee and extensors of the thigh.

Question 33

Medial compartment of thigh

Answer 33

adductors of the thigh

Question 34

Where do the majority of the thigh muscles originate from

Answer 34

Os coxae

Question 35

Sartorius

Answer 35

Latin for “tailor” crosses over the anterior thigh. It is the longest muscle in the body and it enables one to assume a cross-legged sitting position (hence the designation as the ‘tailor’s muscle”

Question 36

Sartorius origin

Answer 36

anterior superior iliac spine

Question 37

Sartorius insertion

Answer 37

tibial tuberosity, medial side

Question 38

Sartorius action

Answer 38

flexes thigh and rotates thigh laterally; flexes leg and rotates leg medially

Question 39

Gracilis action

Answer 39

adducts and flexes thigh; flexes leg

Question 40

Tensor fasciae latae

Answer 40

t attaches to a lateral thickening of the fascia lata, called the “iliotibial tract” (iliotibial band, IT band), which extends from the iliac crest to the lateral condyle of the tibia

Question 41

Tensor fasciae latae origin

Answer 41

iliac crest and lateral surface of anterior superior iliac spine

Question 42

Tensor fasciae latae insertion

Answer 42

iliotibial tract (iliotibial band, IT band)

Question 43

Tensor fasciae latae action

Answer 43

abducts the thigh; medially rotates thigh

Question 44

Deltoid

Answer 44

The “deltoid” (Greek for “shaped like the letter delta, Δ”) is a thick, powerful muscle that functions as the prime abductor of the arm and forms the rounded contour of the shoulder. It is also a good location for administering intramuscular (I.M.) injections.

Question 45

Gluteus Maximus

Answer 45

(Latin for “buttock” and “largest”) is the largest and heaviest of the three gluteal muscles. It is the chief extensor of the thigh. It is also a common site for intramuscular (I.M.) injections.

Question 46

Gluteus Maximus origin

Answer 46

iliac crest, sacrum, and coccyx

Question 47

Gluteus Maximus insertion

Answer 47

iliotibial tract (iliotibial tract, IT band) of fascia lata, linea aspera of femur, and gluteal tuberosity of femur.

Question 48

Gluteus Maximus action

Answer 48

extends and rotates thigh laterally

Question 49

Piriformis

Answer 49

can cause pressure on a major nerve that runs down the back of the thigh. In some persons the sciatic nerve even passes through the belly of the piriformis muscle

Question 50

Biceps femoris

Answer 50

Latin for ‘two heads” and” femur”) is a two-headed muscle that inserts on the lateral side of the leg. Its tendon of insertion is easily seen and palpated at the lateral margin of the popliteal fossa when the knee is flexed.

Question 51

Biceps femoris origin

Answer 51

long head on ischial tuberosity (the part of the pelvis you sit on) while the short head originates on linea aspera of femur

Question 52

Biceps femoris insertion

Answer 52

head of fibula

Question 53

Biceps femoris action

Answer 53

extends thigh (long head only), flexes leg (both long and short heads), and laterally rotates leg

Question 54

Semimembranosus

Answer 54

Latin for “half membrane”) is deep to the semitendinosus and inserts on the medial side of the leg. Its tendon of insertion, along with that of the more superficial semitendinosus, is easily seen and palpated at the medial margin of the popliteal fossa when the knee is flexed

Question 55

Semibranosus origin

Answer 55

ischial tuberosity

Question 56

Semimembranosus insertion

Answer 56

posterior surface of medial condyle of tibia

Question 57

Semimembranosus action

Answer 57

extends thigh and flexes leg; medially rotates leg

Question 58

Coxal (hip) joint

Answer 58

Acetabulofemoral joint

Question 59

Actions of the hip joint

Answer 59

(a) Flexion (b) Extension (c) Abduction/Adduction (d) Rotation (e) Circumduction

Question 60

Fibrocartilage that runs along the rim of the acetabulum

Answer 60

Acetabular labrum

Question 61

What is the vocal joint secured by

Answer 61

1) A strong fibrous joint (articular) capsule 2) Several ligaments 3) A number of powerful muscles

Question 62

Ligamentum teres

Answer 62

This ligament does not provide much strength to the joint but it does typically contain a small artery that supplies some of the blood to the head of the femur

Question 63

Knee joint

Answer 63

The knee joint is the largest and most complex diarthosis of the body. It is also one of the more commonly injured joints in the body. 1) It is primarily a hinge joint, but when the knee is flexed, it is also capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding movements

Question 64

Two articulations of the knee joint

Answer 64

1) The “tibiofemoral joint” is between the condyles of the femur and the condyles of the tibia. 2) The “patellofemoral joint” is between the patella and the patellar surface of the anterior distal femur.

Question 65

Articular capsule of knee joint

Answer 65

The knee joint has an articular capsule that encloses on the medial, lateral, and posterior regions of the knee joint. 1) The joint capsule does not cover the anterior surface of the knee joint; rather, the quadriceps femoris muscle tendon passes over the anterior surface. 2) The patella, which we learned earlier is a sesamoid bone, is embedded within this tendon, and the “patellar ligament” extends inferiorly to the patella and attaches on the anterior surface of the tibia (at tibial tuberosity). 3) Thus, there is no single unified capsule in the knee, nor is there a common synovial cavity.

Question 66

Lcl

Answer 66

The “lateral (fibular) collateral ligament” (LCL) reinforces the lateral surface of the knee joint. - This ligament runs from the femur to the fibula and prevents the lower leg from moving too far medially relative to the thigh. - Your authors refer to the lateral collateral ligament as preventing “hyperadduction” of the lower leg relative to the thigh. - An alternate term to hyperadduction of the lower leg is “varus deviation”, which means the part distal to the joint is abnormally angulated towards the midline of the body.

Question 67

MCL

Answer 67

The “medial (tibial) collateral ligament” (MCL) reinforces the medial surface of the knee joint. - This ligament runs from the femur to the tibia and prevents the lower leg from moving to far laterally relative to the thigh. - Your authors refer to the medial collateral ligament as preventing “hyperabduction” of the lower leg relative to the thigh. - An alternative term to hyperabduction of the lower leg is “valgus deviation”, which means the part distal to the joint is abnormally angulated away from the midline of the body. - The medial collateral ligament is attached to the medial meniscus (see discussion below) of the knee joint as well, so an injury to the medial collateral ligament usually affects the medial meniscus

Question 68

C-shaped Fibrocartilage pads

Answer 68

2) Deep to the articular capsule and within the joint itself is a pair of C-shaped fibrocartilage pads located on the condyles of the tibia which are called the “medial meniscus” and the “lateral meniscus”. (a) These fibrocartilage pads help stabilize the joint medially and laterally and act as cushions between the articular surfaces.

Question 69

Cruciate ligaments

Answer 69

(a) These ligaments cross each other in the form of an “X”, hence the name cruciate. (b) The “anterior cruciate ligament” (ACL) runs from the posterior femur to the anterior side of the tibia. - When the knee is extended, the ACL is pulled tight (taut) and prevents hyperextension. - The ACL prevents the tibia from moving too far anteriorly of the femur. (c) The “posterior cruciate ligament” (PCL) runs from the anterioinferior femur to the posterior side of the tibia. - The PCL becomes taut on flexion, and so it prevents hyperflexion of the knee joint. - The PCL also prevents the tibia from moving too far posteriorly of the femur.

Question 70

Locking the knee

Answer 70

1) Humans are bipedal animals, meaning that they walk on two feet. 2) An important aspect of bipedal locomotion is the ability to “lock” the knees in the extended position and stand erect without tiring the leg muscles. 3) At full extension, the tibia rotates laterally so as to tighten the ACL and squeeze the meniscus between the tibia and femur.

Question 71

Talocrural joint

Answer 71

highly modified hinge joint that permits dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, and includes two articulations within one joint capsule. 1) One of these articulations is between the distal end of the tibia and the talus. 2) The other articulation is between the distal end of the fibula and the lateral articular facets of the talus

Question 72

Deltoid ligament

Answer 72

On the medial side, the strong “deltoid ligament” extends from the medial malleolus of the tibia to the talus, calcaneus, and another tarsal bone. (a) This ligament prevents overeversion of the foot

Question 73

3 lateral ligaments

Answer 73

Anterior talofibular ligament Posterior talofibular ligament Calcaneofibular ligament

Question 74

Anthroscope

Answer 74

Disease of the joints can be diagnosed with a specialized flexible endoscope,

Question 75

Muscle fibers characteristics

Answer 75

a. Excitability, which means it responds to electrical stimuli. b. Contractility, which means it contracts to move bones or propel materials inside the body. c. Elasticity, which means the muscle cell will recoil to its resting length when the applied tension is removed. d. Extensibility, which means a muscle cell is capable of extending in length in response to the contraction of opposing muscle cells (i.e.- the triceps brachii muscle on the back of your arm extends when the biceps brachii muscle on the front of your arm contracts).

Question 76

Hypertrophy

Answer 76

Increase in muscle fiber size

Question 77

What type of ,uncles are skeletal muscles

Answer 77

Voluntary muscles

Question 78

bundles of muscle fibers

Answer 78

fascicles

Question 79

circular muscles

Answer 79

fibers concentrically arranged around an opening or recess, also called a sphincter

Question 80

parallel muscles

Answer 80

fascicles that run parallel to its long axis | have a "belly"

Question 81

convergent muscles

Answer 81

widespread muscle fibers the converge on a common attachment site example is the pectoralis major

Question 82

pennate

Answer 82

feather muscles, one or more tendons extending through their body and the fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon

Question 83

unipennate muscle

Answer 83

muscle fibers are on the same side

Question 84

bipennate muscles

Answer 84

muscle fibers are on both sides, these are the most common

Question 85

multipennate

Answer 85

tendon branches within the muscle example is the deltoid muscle

Question 86

lever

Answer 86

elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum

Question 87

long bone

Answer 87

acts as a lever that moves the resistance

Question 88

a joint serves as

Answer 88

the fulcrum

Question 89

a muscle serves as

Answer 89

the effort

Question 90

the effort is not where the body of the muscle is located but rather...

Answer 90

where the muscle attaches to the bone

Question 91

first class lever system

Answer 91

EFR seesaw ex. atlanto-occipital joint of the neck, muscles in the post side pull inferioirly on the nuchal lines of the occipital bone and oppose the head to tip ex. triceps brachi

Question 92

second class levers

Answer 92

FRE lifting the handles of a wheelbarrow ex. contracting the calf muscle to elevate the body onto the ball of the foot

Question 93

third class levers

Answer 93

REF drawbridge most common type ex. flexion of the elbow and elevation of the mandible to bite off a piece of food

Question 94

3 muscle types

Answer 94

agonist antagonist synergist

Question 95

agonist

Answer 95

prime mover, muscle that contracts to produce a particular movement ex. triceps brachii

Question 96

antagonist

Answer 96

muscle whose actions oppose those of the agonist | ex. biceps brachii causing flexion of the forearm

Question 97

synergist

Answer 97

muscle that assists the prime mover (agonist) in performing its action ex. teres major assisting the lattissimus dorsi in moving the arm

Question 98

fibrosis

Answer 98

elasticity of muscle decreases as persons age, usually due to increasing amounts of dense regular connective tissue

Question 99

What separates the two bellies of the occipitofrontalis

Answer 99

galea aponeurotica

Question 100

action of the frontal belly of occipitofrontalis

Answer 100

moves the scalp, wrinkles forehead, elevates eyebrows

Question 101

occipital belly of occipitofrontalis action

Answer 101

moves the scalp slightly posteriorly

Question 102

orbicularis oris action

Answer 102

closes lips, puckers up the lips

Question 103

platysma action

Answer 103

pulls lower lip inferiorly, tenses skin of neck, contributes to depression of the mandible

Question 104

buccinator action

Answer 104

compresses cheek, holds food between teeth while chewing, aids in sucking and blowing

Question 105

tmeporalis origin

Answer 105

superior and inferior portions of the temporal bone

Question 106

temporalis insertion

Answer 106

coronoid process of mandible

Question 107

temporalis action

Answer 107

elevates and retracts mandible

Question 108

masseter origin

Answer 108

zygomatic arch

Question 109

masseter insertion

Answer 109

lateral surface of coronoid process, lateral surface and angle of mandible

Question 110

masseter action

Answer 110

elevates and protracts mandible, prime mover of jaw closure

Question 111

medial and lateral pterygoid

Answer 111

located near TMJ, help to maximize the efficiency of the teeth while chewing or grinding foods

Question 112

medial and lateral pterygoid action

Answer 112

elevate and protract the mandible and move it from side to side during chewing

Question 113

anaerobic bacteria

Answer 113

cannot grow in the presence of oxygen, found in soil or feces and can produce deadly toxins that can alter the function of human muscles (excessive contraction or paralysis)

Question 114

example of anaerobic bacteria

Answer 114

tetanus, follows a dirty puncture wound, results involuntary contraction, lockjaw

Question 115

sternocleidomastoid origin

Answer 115

manubrium and sternal ends of clavicles

Question 116

sternocleidomastoid insertion

Answer 116

mastoid processes of temporal bones

Question 117

sternoclidomastoid action

Answer 117

when both contract, the head is pulled forward and down, when one contracts, it turns the head in the opposite direction of the contracting muscle

Question 118

splenius capitus action

Answer 118

both contract, head is pulled back and extends and hyperextends the cervical vertebra when one contracts, turns the head sideways in the same direction as the contracting muscle

Question 119

semispinalis capitus action

Answer 119

same as splenius capitus

Question 120

Why are the muscles of the vertebral column stronger than the flexor muscles of the abdominal wall?

Answer 120

they keep us upright against the forces of gravity

Question 121

2 groupings of muscles associated with the vertebral column

Answer 121

erector spinae | transversospinalis

Question 122

erector spinae

Answer 122

maintain posture, help us stand erect, along entire vertebral column when muscles contract together the extend vertebral column if muscles contract on one side the column flexes laterally toward that same side

Question 123

inhalation

Answer 123

muscles contract to increase the dimensions of the thoracic cavity creating negative pressure (partial vacuum) to pull air into lungs

Question 124

exhalation

Answer 124

respiratory muscles relax allowing the elastic recoil of the lung tissues to pull the chest wall inwards and diaphragm upwards, decreasing the dimensions of the thoracic cavity, creating positive pressure to force air out of the lungs

Question 125

external intercostals

Answer 125

used for restful breathing and extend inferomedially from superior rib to adjacent inferior rib

Question 126

external intercostals action

Answer 126

elevates ribs by causing them to move up and out (bucket handle) during inhalation to increse the dimensino of the thoracic cavity due to elastic recoil of lung tissue the ribs return passively to their positions

Question 127

internal intercostals

Answer 127

used during forceful exhalation, located at right angles to the more superficial external intercostals

Question 128

internal intercostals action

Answer 128

depresses the ribs during forced exhalation

Question 129

diaphragm

Answer 129

most important muscle with breathing

Question 130

diaphragm origin

Answer 130

inferior internal surface of lower ribs, xiphoid process of sternum, costal cartilages of inferior ribs, and lumbar vertebrae

Question 131

diaphragm insertion

Answer 131

central tendon

Question 132

diaphragm action

Answer 132

contraction during inhalation causes flattening of the diaphragm, expands thoracic cavity, compresses the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 133

four pairs of muscles in abdomen wall

Answer 133

compress and hold organs in place, assist in defecation, aid in forceful exhalation

Question 134

what three muscle pairs form the rectus sheath

Answer 134

external and internal obliques, transverse abdominis

Question 135

six pack is formed by what

Answer 135

rectus abdominis

Question 136

external oblique action

Answer 136

both contract, compress the abdomen and flex vertebral column, one contracts, causes lateral flexion of the vertebral column

Question 137

internal oblique action

Answer 137

compress abdomen and flex vertebral column

Question 138

transverse abdominis

Answer 138

compress the abdomen

Question 139

rectus abdominis

Answer 139

strap like muscle

Question 140

rectus abdominis origin

Answer 140

superior surface of pubis near symphysis

Question 141

rectus abdominis insertion

Answer 141

xiphoid process of sternum and inferior surfaces of middle ribs

Question 142

rectus abdominis action

Answer 142

flexes vertebral column and compresses the abdominal wall

Question 143

pelvic diaphragm

Answer 143

3 layers of muscles and associated fasciae | extends from ischium and pubis of the ossa coxae

Question 144

bony landmarks of the perineum

Answer 144

(diamond shaped) 1. ant. pubic symphysis 2. coccyx post. 3. both ischial tuberosities

Question 145

urogenital triangle

Answer 145

contains the external genitalia and urethra

Question 146

anal triangle

Answer 146

contains the anus

Question 147

levator ani

Answer 147

supports the pelvic viscera, functions as a sphincter at the annorectal juntion, urethra, and vagina

Question 148

pubococcygeus

Answer 148

help control urinary incontinence and to compress the vagina to aid in sexual enjoyment

Question 149

pectoralis minor action

Answer 149

protracts and depresses the scapula (shoulders are hunched forward)

Question 150

serratus anterior action

Answer 150

prime mover in scapular protraction

Question 151

rhomboid major and minor antagonist

Answer 151

serratus ant. and pectoralis min

Question 152

rhomboid major action

Answer 152

retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula and inferiorly rotates scapula

Question 153

rhomboid minor action

Answer 153

same as rhomboid major

Question 154

trapezius origin

Answer 154

occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes C7-T12

Question 155

trapezius insertion

Answer 155

clavicle, acromion process, spine of scapula

Question 156

trapezius action

Answer 156

elevates and retracts (adducts) the scapula, draws head back

Question 157

latissimus dorsi

Answer 157

prime arm extensor

Question 158

latissimus dorsi origin

Answer 158

sppinous processes T7-T12, lower ribs, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia

Question 159

latissimus dorsi insertion

Answer 159

intertubercular groove of proximal humerus

Question 160

latissimus dorsi action

Answer 160

arm extensor, draws the arm downward and backward while it rotates medially

Question 161

pectoralis major origin

Answer 161

medial clavicle, costal cartilages of upper ribs, body of sternum

Question 162

pectoralis major insertion

Answer 162

lateral part of intertubercular groove of proximal humerus

Question 163

pectoralis major action

Answer 163

prime mover of arm flexion, adducts and medially rotates arm

Question 164

deltoid origin

Answer 164

acromial end of clavicle, the acromion, spine of scapula

Question 165

deltoid insertion

Answer 165

deltoid tuberosity on lateral midregion of humerus

Question 166

deltoid action

Answer 166

prime abductor of arm, ant fibers flex and medially rotate arm, middle fibers arm abduction, post fibers extend and laterally rotate arm

Question 167

coracobrachialis action

Answer 167

synergist to the pectoralis major in flexing and adducting the arm

Question 168

teres major action

Answer 168

synergistically with latissimus dorsi extending, adducting and medially rotating the arm

Question 169

rectus femoris origin

Answer 169

ant. inf. iliac spine

Question 170

rectus femoris insertion

Answer 170

quadriceps tendon-> patella-> patellar ligament-> tibial tuberosity

Question 171

rectus fermoris action

Answer 171

extends leg, flexes thigh

Question 172

vastus lateralis origin

Answer 172

greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur

Question 173

vastus lateralis insertion

Answer 173

quadriceps tendon-> patella-> patellar ligament-> tibial tuberosity

Question 174

vastus lateralis action

Answer 174

extends leg

Question 175

vastus medialis origin

Answer 175

intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur

Question 176

vastus medialis insertion

Answer 176

quadriceps tendon-> patella-> patellar ligament-> tibial tuberosity

Question 177

vastus medialis action

Answer 177

extends leg

Question 178

vastus intermedius origin

Answer 178

anteriolateral surface of femur

Question 179

vastus intermedius insertion

Answer 179

quadriceps tendon-> patella-> patellar ligament-> tibial tuberosity

Question 180

vastus intermedius action

Answer 180

extends the leg

Question 181

biceps femoris origin

Answer 181

long head on ischial tuberosity while the short head originates on linea aspera of femur

Question 182

biceps femoris insertion

Answer 182

post. surface of medial condyle of tibia

Question 183

biceps femoris action

Answer 183

extends thigh and flexes leg, medially rotates leg

Question 184

semitendinosus origin

Answer 184

ischial tuberosity

Question 185

semitendinosus insertion

Answer 185

proximal medial surface of tibia

Question 186

semitendinosus action

Answer 186

extends thigh and flexes leg, medially rotates leg

Question 187

crural muscles

Answer 187

muscles that move the ankle, foot and toes (some help flex the leg)

Question 188

tibalis anterior action

Answer 188

dorsiflexes foot and inverts foot

Question 189

peroneus longus action

Answer 189

everts foot and is a weak plantar flexor

Question 190

gastrocnemius origin

Answer 190

sup. post. non-articular surfaces of lateral and medial condyles of femur

Question 191

gastrocnemius insertion

Answer 191

calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon

Question 192

gastrocnemius action

Answer 192

flexes leg and plantar flexes foot

Question 193

gastrocnemius

Answer 193

2 thick bellies, spans both knee and ankle joints

Question 194

soleus action

Answer 194

plantar flexes the foot

Question 195

plantar aponeurosis

Answer 195

formed from the deep fascia of the foot extends between the phalanges of the toes and the calcaneus also encloses the plantar muscles of the foot

Question 196

structural organization

Answer 196

central and peripheral nervous systems

Question 197

central nervous system

Answer 197

CNS, brain and spinal cord, protected by the skull and the vertebral canal

Question 198

peripheral nervous system

Answer 198

PNS, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia

Question 199

functional divisions of nervous system

Answer 199

sensory | motor

Question 200

sensory division

Answer 200

receives sensory info | divided in to 2 components

Question 201

afferent

Answer 201

inflowing, or towards the center of activity

Question 202

somatic sensory

Answer 202

somatic senses, such as, touch, pain, pressure, vibration, etc. considered voluntary we have control over them

Question 203

visceral sensory

Answer 203

transmit nerve impulses from blood vessels and viscera to the CNS, temperature and stretch, involuntary because we are not conscious (sometimes we are aware such as bloating of stomach after eating too much)

Question 204

motor division

Answer 204

transmits motor impulses from CNS to muscles or glands, efferent, contains both CNS and PNS, 2 components somatic and autonomic

Question 205

efferent

Answer 205

conductive outward, away from the center of activity, nerve impulses are transmitted from CNS

Question 206

somatic motor

Answer 206

conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles, causing them to contract, voluntary control

Question 207

autonomic motor

Answer 207

innervates internal organs and regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands, typically not under conscious control

Question 208

cell types from nervous tissue

Answer 208

neurons | glial cells

Question 209

neurons

Answer 209

excitable cells that initiate and transmit nerve impulses

Question 210

glial celss

Answer 210

nonexcitable cells that support and protect the neurons

Question 211

neurons

Answer 211

high metabolic rate, continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients longevity, survive from womb to old age after fetal development mitosis is lost

Question 212

cell body of neuron

Answer 212

serves as the neurons control center and is responsible fro receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses (contains nucleus and nerve impulses)

Question 213

dendrites

Answer 213

branch off the cell body and conduct nerve impulses towards the cell body

Question 214

axon

Answer 214

transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body, all neurons have one axon

Question 215

sensory neurons

Answer 215

afferent, transmit nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS, cell bodies are located outside the CNS and housed in the ganglia

Question 216

motor neurons

Answer 216

efferent, transmit nerve impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands, lie in the spinal cord

Question 217

interneurons

Answer 217

association neurons, lie entirely in CNS and facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons, 99% of neurons are interneurons

Question 218

glial cells

Answer 218

neuroglia, in CNS and PNS, small, capable of mitosis, half the volume of the nervous system

Question 219

4 types of glial cells

Answer 219

astrocytes, ependymal, microglial, oligodendrocytes

Question 220

astrocytes

Answer 220

starlike shape due to cytoplasmic projections, wrap around capillaries, protects the delicate brain from toxins, but allows for nutrients to pass, sometimes prevents certain medicine from passing

Question 221

ependymal cells

Answer 221

line internal cavities (ventricles) of brain and canal of spinal cord, form choroid plexus

Question 222

what do choroid plexus produce

Answer 222

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 223

microglial cells

Answer 223

wandering phagocytic cells and remove cellular debris throughout the CNS

Question 224

oligodendrocytes

Answer 224

large cells with slender cytoplasmic processes that ensheathe portions of axons by repeatedly wrapping around an axon, produces myelin sheath

Question 225

types of glial cells

Answer 225

satellite and schwann cells

Question 226

satellite cells

Answer 226

flattened cells arranged around neuronal cell bodies in ganglia and help regulate the movement of nutrients and waste products between neurons and their environment

Question 227

schwann cells

Answer 227

neurolemmocytes, responsible for myelinating PNS axons

Question 228

sensory nerves

Answer 228

convey sensory information to the central nervous system and all the axons are conducting impulses in the same direction

Question 229

motor nerves

Answer 229

convey motor impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands and all the axons are conducting impulses in the same direction

Question 230

mixed nerves

Answer 230

carry both types of info and some axons are transmitting impulses in one direction, while other axons are transmitting impulses in the opposite direction

Question 231

when does nervous tissure development begin

Answer 231

third week of development

Question 232

neural groove

Answer 232

appears in developing tissue and by the end of the third week the sides of this groove come together and fuse along the midline to form a neural tube

Question 233

neural tube defect

Answer 233

when the neural tube does not close

Question 234

developing beural tube forms the central nervous system

Answer 234

cranial part forms the brain | caudal part forms the spinal cord