Exam 4 Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
What determines intelligence
A
number of active synapses among neurons
2
Q
what is the typical brain volume and weight
A
1300cc
3 lbs
3
Q
4 major regions of the brain
A
cerebrum
diencephalon
brainstem
cerebellum
4
Q
folds in the brain
A
gyri
5
Q
shallow depressions
A
sulci
6
Q
6 week embryo order
A
telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon
7
Q
telencephalon
A
cerebrum
8
Q
diencephalon
A
diencephalon
9
Q
mesencephalon
A
mesencephalon, forms a short section between the dicephalon and the pons
10
Q
metencephalon
A
cerebellum and pons
11
Q
myelencephalon
A
medulla oblongata
12
Q
What determines the boundaries of the brains cavities
A
bends and creases that occur in the developing brain
13
Q
gray matter
A
motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies
dendrties
branching axon terminals
unmyelinated axons
14
Q
white matter
A
derives color from the myelin in the myelinated axons
also contains dendrites and associated neurogiial cells
15
Q
inner region of white matter is called:
A
medulla (marrow)
16
Q
what protects and isolates the brain
A
bony cranium
meninges (connective tissue membranes)
cerebrospinal fluid
blood brain barrier
17
Q
meninges
A
3 connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium
18
Q
pia mater
A
delicate mother, innermost of cranial meninges, highly vascular, follows every contour of brains surface
19
Q
arachnoid
A
internal to dura mater, delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers
also contains the subarachnoid space
20
Q
what lies between the arachnoid and the overlaying dura mater
A
subdural space
21
Q
dura mater
A
tough mother, most external, tough dense irregular connective tissue with 2 fibrous layers, strongest of the meninges
22
Q
2 layers of the dura mater
A
meningeal layer (deeper of the 2) periosteal layer
23
Q
blood filled spaces
A
dural venous sinuses
24
Q
dural venous sinuses
A
large veins that drain blood from the brain and transport the blood to the internal jugular veins
25
epidural space
contains arteries and veins that nourish the meninges
not actually a space
can become a spce due to trauma
26
cranial dural septa
double layers of dura mater
| separate specific regions of the brain and provide stabilization
27
4 cranial dura septa
1. falx cerebri
2. tentorium cerebelli
3. falx cerebelli
4. diphragma sellae
28
falx cerebri
largest
sickle shaped
extends off of crista galli
29
tentorium cerebelli
contains the tentorial notch to allow passage of the brainstem
30
falx cerebelli
sickle shaped, divides the left and right cerebellar hemispheres
31
diphragma sellae
smallest, forms roof over the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
32
brain ventricles
cavities within the brain that are derived from the lumen of the embryonic neural tube
33
4 brain ventricles
- 2 lateral ventricles
- 3rd ventricle
- 4th ventricle
34
lateral ventricles
in cerebrum,separated by septum pellucidum
35
third ventricle
located in diencephalon, communicates with lateral ventricle
36
fourth ventricle
between pons and cerebellum, merges with central canal
37
cerebrospinal fluid
clear liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space
38
functions of the cerebrospinal fluid
buoyancy
protection
environmental stability
39
CSF buoyancy
reduces weight by 95%
40
CSF protection
provides liquid cushion
41
CSF environmental stability
transports nutrients, chemical messengers, removes waste
42
CSF formation
formed by choroid plexi, filtrate of plasma that contains proteins and salts
43
blood brain barrier
protects nervous tissue
44
where the blood brain barrier is reduced or missing
choroid plexi
hypothalamus
pineal gland
45
cerebrum
location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions
46
cerebrum is the center for what
intelligence, reasoning, sensory perception, thought, memory, judgment, voluntary motor, visual, and auditory activities
47
what is the outer gray layer of the cerebrum called
cerebral cortex
48
inner white layer of the cerebrum
cerebral medulla
49
What separates the paired cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
50
largest white matter tract
corpus callosum, provides main method of ommunication
51
five lobes
```
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula (not visible from the surface)
```
52
frontal lobe
```
voluntary motor functions
concentration
verbal communication
decision making
planning
personality
```
53
parietal lobe
general sensory functions
54
temporal lobe
hearing
interpreting speech and language
smell
55
occipital lobe
process incoming visual info
| stores visual memories
56
insula
can be seen by pulling aside the temporal lobe
memory
interpretation of taste
57
injury to the cerebrum after a blow to the head
coup-contrcoup
58
diencephalon
between inferior regions of teh cerebral hemispheres, including the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus
59
epithalamus
houses pineal gland
60
pineal gland
secretes the melatonin which helps regulate day-night cycles (circadian rhythm)
61
thalamus
oval masses
| final relay point for all sensory info except for the sense of smell
62
hypothalamus
```
infundibulum
heart rate, blood pressure, digestive activities, respiration
hormone secretino
thermostat
emotional response
controls hunger/thirst
sleep/wake cycle
```
63
bidirectional passageway
brainstem
64
mesencephalon
superior portion
visual and auditory reflexes
control of posture and movement
65
pons
relay impulses
| regulate breathing
66
medulla oblongata
all communication between brain and spinal cord involves nerve fibers tracts that go through here
cardiac center
vasomotor center
respiratory center
coughing, sneezing, salvation, gagging, vomiting
67
cerebellum
second largest part of the brain and develops from the metencephalon
68
outer layer of cerebellum
cerebellar cortex
69
inner layer of cerebellum
arbor vitae
70
functions of cerebellum
```
smooth movement
muscle contraction
muscle memory
coordination of muscle movement
equilibrium and posture
muscle tone
attention
processing language, music and other stimuli
```
71
reticular formation
loosely organized core of gray matter
regulate muscle tone
RAS-maintain a state of awareness or consciousness
72
RAS
reticular activating system
73
limbic system
emotions
border around diencephalon
motivationnal and mood states
odors can provoke emotions here
74
Rostrocaudal brain deterioration
sequence of events that occurs when the cerebrum pushes down through the tentorial incisure because of head trauma
75
steps of rostrocaudal brain deterioration
1. pressure builds, CSF is squeezed out
2. hypoxia (loss of oxygen)
3. unconsciousness
4. decorticate posturing
5. decerebrate posturing (last reversible stage)
6. brain death
76
most common serious disease of the CNS
cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
77
causes of cerebrovascular accidents
thrombus formation
intrecerebral hemorrhage
aneurysm
fatty plaque build up
78
hemiplegia
contralateral paralysis of body (result of stroke)
79
I
olfactory
80
olfactory
sensory
chemoreceptors
smell
81
II
optic
82
optic
sensory
enter optic foramen converge to form optic chiasm
meninges travel along here
83
III
oculomotor
84
oculomotor
motor
internal muscles constrict the eyeball
trauma can cause same side paralysis
85
IV
Trochlear
86
Trochlear
motor
in mesencephalon
downward and lateral movement of eyeball
87
V
trigeminal
88
Trigeminal
```
both
sensations of touch, temperature and pain
ophthalmic branch
maxillary branch (photic sneeze reflex)
mandibular branch (dental anasthesia)
chewing
```
89
VI
abducens
90
abducens
motor
| moves eye laterally
91
VII
facial
92
facial
both
facial expression
taste (sweet)
stimulate salivary glands
93
VIII
vestibulocochlear
94
vesibulocochlear
sensory
vestibular branch- balance
cochlear branch-hearing
95
IX
glossopharyngeal
96
glossopharyngeal
both
stimulate swallowing
bitter taste on posterior portion of the tongue
97
X
vagus
98
vagus
both
longest cranial nerve
innervates most muscles of pharynx and larynx
receives input from EAC and eardrum, pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, esophagus, abdominal organs
99
XI
accessory
100
Accessory
motor
innervates pharynx
innervates trapezius
101
XII
hypoglossal
102
hypoglossal
motor
innervates muscles of tongue
damage can lead to diffiuclty of speech
103
tapering inferior end of spinal cord
conus medullaris
104
inferior to the conus medullaris, group of axons
cauda equima
105
thin strand of pia mater that is the anchor
filum terminale
106
cervical enlargement
inferior cervical region of the spinal cord contains the neurons that innervate the upper limb
107
lumbosacral enlargement
innervates the lower limbs
108
31 pairs of spinal nerves
```
c1-c8
t1-t12
l1-l5
s1-s5
co
```
109
outermost to innermost structures and space that encircle the spinal cord
```
vertebra
epidural space
dura mater
subdural space
arachnoid
subarachnoid space
pia
```
110
what is the epidural space made up of
loose connective tissue, blood vessels, adipose connective tissue
111
what is found in the subarachnoid space
cerebrospinal fluid
112
peripheral white matter of spinal cord
myelinated axons
| neural communication to and from brain
113
central gray matter of spinal cord
dendrites and cell bodies
spinal reflexes
has central canal filled with CSF
114
dermatome
specific skin segment supplied by a single spinal nerve (except c1)
115
referred visceral pain
pain or discomfort from one organ is mistakenly referred to a dermatome
116
nerve plexus
network of interweavinf spinal nerves t2-t12 and s5-co1 do not for plexuses
117
cervical plexus
deep to the neck
c1-c4
*phrenic nerve
118
brachial plexus
upper limbs
| c5-t12
119
major nerves from the brachial plexus
```
axillary nerve
median nerve
musculocutaneous nerve
radial nerve
ulnar nerve
```
120
lumbar plexuses
l1-l4
121
nerves of the lumbar plexus
```
femoral nerve (medial)
obturator nerve (supramedial)
```
122
sacral plexus
l4-s4
123
nerves of sacral plexus
sciatic nerve (largest)
tibial nerve
common fibular nerve
124
the neural canal develops into what
central canal
125
trauma above c3
death by asphyxiation innervation to the intercostal muscles and innervation to the diaphragm are lost
126
trauma between c4 and c7
quadriplegia
127
what happens if c3 and c4 are intact after trauma
phrenic nerve functions and will be able to breath on their own
128
trauma between t1 and l1
paraplegia of lower extremities
129
amount of blood pumped from one ventricle per minute is called
cardiac output
130
two blood vessels
arteries
| veins
131
arteries
away from heart
arterioles
carry blood high in oxygen
132
veins
towards the heart
| low in oxygen
133
great vessels
blood vessels leaving the hear, large in diameter
134
unidirectional flow`
no backflow prevented by valves
135
right side pump
directs blood to the lungs for gas exchange
136
left side pump
blood to body tissues for nutrient and respiratory gas delivery
137
blood pressure
alternate cycles of heart wall contraction and relaxation (minimal blood pressure is needed)
138
2 circulations
pulmonary
| systemic
139
pulmonary circulation
right side of heart
pulmonary arteries-poorly oxygenated blood to lumgs
pulmonary veins-high oxygen to lungs
140
systemic circulation
left side
| all named blood vessels that carry blood to all peripheral organs and tissues
141
sac that contains the heart
pericardium, double layered serous lining
142
two parts of pericardium
outer= fibrous
| inner=serous
143
2 layers of serous pericardium
```
parietal layer (in)
visceral layer (out)
```
144
potential space between parietal and visceral
pericardial cavity
145
pericardial cavity
serous fluid lubricates membranes, prevents friction
146
bleeding in the pericardial cavity can lead to:
cardiac tamponade- pulsus paradoxus, jugular vein disention
147
3 layers of heart
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
148
epicardium
outermost
visceral layer
becomes fattier with age
149
myocardium
middle
thickest
heart attacks occur here
150
endocardium
internal
covers external surfaces of the heart valve
contiguous with endothelium
151
hollow chambers
smaller atria
| larger ventricles
152
atria
thin walled chambers
| auricle
153
right atrium
receives blood from systemic circuit
154
left atrium
receives blood from pulmonary circuit
155
pulmonary trunk
carries blood from right ventricle into the pulmonary circuit
156
aorta
conducts blood from the right ventricle into the systemic circuit
157
valves
lined with endothelium, allow blood to only travel in one directino
158
fibrous skeleton
between atria and ventricles, dense irregular connective tissue
159
functions of fibrous skeleton
separates atria and ventricles
anchors heart valves
electrical insulation (not randomly spread impulses)
framework
160
right atrium
receives blood from systemic circulation
