Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Greek term Oikos-logos
A
Study of the common home
2
Q
The term ecology is derived from…
A
The Greek term Oikos-logos
3
Q
Why study ecology?
A
Taxonomic diversity, numerical abundance, diversity of life histories, economic importance, evolutionary history
4
Q
Members of a single species that live together in a specified geographic area
A
Population
5
Q
Populations of all species living in a region
A
Community
6
Q
Physiology; physical functioning of an individual
A
Organism
7
Q
Community plus all non-living elements that interact with it (soil, sunlight, chemical nutrients, etc.)
A
Ecosystem
8
Q
Large ecosystems
A
Biomes
9
Q
The largest scale of life on earth
A
Biosphere
10
Q
The study of changes in population size over time
A
Population dynamics
11
Q
Population change mathematical growth models
A
Exponential growth model, logistic growth model, life table analyses
12
Q
Rate of increase keeps accelerating…the larger the population size, the larger the growth; assumes no limiting factors
A
J-shaped (exponential)
13
Q
Disease, competition, predation, etc.
A
Limiting factors
14
Q
Starts accelerating but eventually slows and stabilizes at K; takes competition into account; environmental resistance
A
S-shaped (logistic)
15
Q
Carrying capacity
A
K
16
Q
Starts as accelerating, reaches K and then goes through cycles around K
A
More complex growth
17
Q
Intrinsic rate of increase
A
r (growth rate)
18
Q
Birth rate - death rate
A
Growth rate
19
Q
If r = 0
A
Births = deaths
No population growth
20
Q
If r > 0
A
Births > deaths
Expanding population
21
Q
Birth rate
A
Natality
22
Q
Death rate
A
Mortality
23
Q
The maximum number a given habitat will support for a sustained period
A
Carrying capacity (K)
24
Q
Density/level around which population fluctuates due to biotic and abiotic factors
A
Mean equilibrium level
25
Produce few young, but most survive until old age (elephants and humans, honeybees)
Type I
Late loss species
26
Produce moderate number of young which die at a constant rate (imported cabbageworm)
Type II
Constant-loss species
27
Produce many young, but most die young (grasshoppers and flies)
Type III
Early loss species
28
Number of individuals per unit
Density
29
Spatial arrangement of individuals
Dispersion
30
Types of spatial distribution
Random, aggregate, uniform
31
Feeds on plants
Phytophagus
32
Abnormal growth on a plant, produced by stimulation of an insect or other organism which houses that organism
Galls
33
Simplest halls and involve swellings with no major distortion or discoloration
Indeterminate galls
34
Galls which have a form and color different from the host plant
Determinate galls
35
Taxonomic work on gall wasps provided a methodology for his studies of human sexual behavior
Alfred Kinsey
36
Feeding stimulants
Phagostimulants
37
When plants are less damaged from attack because of heritable characteristics
Resistance
38
When a plant lacks an insect attractant
Antixenosis
39
When plant chemistries injure or destroy attaching insects
Anti-biosis
40
Plants that survive despite insect attack
Tolerance
41
"Arms-race" between plants and insect herbivores has produced many adaptations to resist insect attack
Co-evolution
42
Small hairs
Trichomes
43
Chemicals which are not directly connected with the normal metabolic processes of the plant and whose role is thought to be defensive
Secondary plant compounds
44
Bitter fasting and toxic (nicotine and caffeine)
Alkaloids
45
Bind with proteins, tannins, quinones
Phenolics
46
Variety of actions (cardenolides, pyrethrum)
Terpenoids
47
Phytoecdysone and precocene
Hormone analogs
48
An inflammation of the skin induced by a plant with the help of sunlight
Phytophotodermatitis
49
Phenolic polymers that bind to proteins and interfere with digestion
Tannins
50
Plants that eat insects
Entomophages
51
Production of a signal by an individual that influences the behavior of another individuals and is adaptive to one or both participants
Communication
52
Any characteristic under selection to inform or convey information (behavior, sounds, light, or chemical)
Signal
53
Sense light
Photoreceptors (eyes)
54
Sense vibration
Mechanoreceptors
55
Sense chemicals
Chemoreceptors
56
Sense temperature and humidity
Theromoreceptors, hygroreceptors
57
Visual pigments in insects
Rhodopsins
58
Visual eyes of larvae, may be clustered
Stemmata
59
Simple eyes sensitive to the intensity of light (and UV green)...helpful in flight and sensing day length
Ocelli
60
Production of light by living organisms
Bioluminescence
61
Cuticular stress mechanoreceptor; oval, dome like areas of cuticle that raise or lower as adjacent exoskeleton moves
Campanuliform receptor
62
Sensillae (touch) mechanoreceptor; hair-like setae that help detect touch, contact, wind, etc.
Contact receptor
63
Vibration and sound (internal receptor) mechanoreceptor
Chordotonal receptors
64
Attached to connective tissue and muscles-- register tension of soft tissues
Stretch receptors
65
Respond to the position of one part of the body relative to another
Proprioceptors
66
Sensory organ located in the pedicle of the antennae; sense movements of the flagellum
Johnston's organ (chordotonal organ)
67
Sound reception
Tympanum
68
Sensillae that respond to chemicals in air or in liquids
Chemoreceptors
69
Detect odors or chemicals in air
Olfactory sensilla
70
Contact chemoreceptiok of substances in liquids
Taste receptors
71
Attract both sexes to a common place
Aggregation
72
Attractants which bring the sexes together
Sex pheromones
73
A chemical substance (or blend of substances) secreted by an animal to the outside that affects the behavior or physiology of other animals of the same species
Pheromone
74
The ways in which an organism adjusts to and interacts with its environment
Behavior
75
Behaviors that consist of more or less predictable responses (or sequences of) to different types of stimuli
Inherited or Innate Behavior
76
Behavior that is acquired as the result of experience of each individual
Learned behavior
77
Attributing human characteristics to animals
Anthropomorphism
78
Carry over of learned information from an immature to the adult stage (most common with feeding behaviors)
Pre-imaginal conditioning
79
Neural loop generating a response
Reflex arc
80
Processes that an organism uses to organize it's behavior with respect to spatial features of the environment
Orientation behavior
81
Body position, posture control
Positional or primary orientation
82
Translatory processes
Secondary orientation
83
Random or undirected locomotor reaction in which the speed of movement or the frequency of turning depends on the intensity of stimulation
Kinesis
84
Movements directed towards or away from a source of stimulation
Taxis
85
A lack of overall movement
Akinesis
86
Constant angle to a light source
Menotaxis
87
Any enduring or relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience or practice
Learning
88
Learning to associate certain stimuli with reward or punishment
Operant conditioning
89
Association of an uncovered response with a conditioned stimulus
Classical conditioning
90
A short, sharp sound which is either a pulse or series of pulses as a discrete sound
Chirp
91
Succession or train of pulses (longer)
Trill
92
Calling in synchrony
Chorusing
93
Stimulate an immediate behavioral response
Releasers
94
Act to physiologically alter endocrine or reproductive systems; recipients may acquire new behavior patterns
Primers
95
Area or space where the concentration of a pheromone is above the threshold for response
Active space
96
Grouping of segments into body regions
Tagmosis
97
Specialized for visceral functions (food digestion and storage, circulation, reproduction)
Abdomen
98
Body cavity
Hemocoel
99
Food procurement and processing
Digestive process
100
Alimentary canal
Digestive system
101
Long tube like structure that runs from the mouth to the anus and is centrally located within the body cavity
Digestive system
102
Anterior most region; primary function is to begin breakdown of food or ticked and transport to next region
Foregut (stomodeum)
103
Mark end of foregut and beginning of midgut; increase surface area for more nutrient absorption
Gastric caecae
104
Cardiac valve
Sphincter
105
Major area of digestion and absorption; undigested particles then pass on to next region
Midgut
106
Thin, long structures near junction of midgut and hindgut
Malpighian tubules
107
Undigested food particles pass into this region which consists of the ileum, colon, rectum, and rectal pads (often); functions in water and solute reabsorption and waste excretion
Hindgut (proctodeum)
108
Openings of exoskeleton that allow for gas exchange
Spiracles
109
Deliver oxygen to internal organs and tissues
Trachea
110
Functions in transport
Circulatory system
111
Insects have a ____ blood vessel and a ______ circ. system
Dorsal, open
112
Insect blood
Hemolymph
113
Small slits in the heart region of dorsal vessel designed for Hemolymph uptake
Ostia
114
Nerve impulse transmission
Nervous system
115
Insects have a _____ nerve cord
Ventral
116
Reception of information
Dendrite
117
Conveyor of information
Axon
118
Junction between neurons and other cells
Synapse
119
Ecology
The study of the interactions living things have with each other and with the environment around them
