Exam 3 Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
What kind of drugs affect the central nervous system?
A
- Tranquilizers/sedatives/anti-anxiety agents
- Analgesia- Anesthetics
- Anti-covulsants
- Behavior modifying/anti-anxiety agents
2
Q
What kind of drugs are included in anesthetics?
A
- Local anesthetics- Injectable anesthetics- Inhalant anesthetics
3
Q
What does epinephrine do?
A
- Stimulates all receptors- Stimulates heartbeat during cardiac arrest
4
Q
What does dopamine do?
A
- Treats shock and congestive heart failure
- Increases renal perfusion
5
Q
What does phenylephrine do?
A
- A stimulator that is used as a nasal vasoconstrictor
6
Q
What does phenylpropanolamine do?
A
Used to treat urinary incontinence in dogs
7
Q
What does albuterol do?
A
- Beta agonist
- Bronchodilation
8
Q
What does dobutamine do?
A
- Beta agonist- Short term treatment of heart failure
9
Q
What are cholinergic blocking drugs?
A
They block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors of the PSNS
10
Q
What are some possible side effects of sympathomimetic drugs?
A
- Tachycardia, hypertension, nervousness, and cardiac arrhythmias- Hypertension, arrhythmia, and pulmonary edema may occur with an overdose
11
Q
What is atropine used for?
A
- Drying of secretions and prevention of bradycardia before anesthesia
- Dilation of the pupils for ophthalmic examination or relief of ciliary spam of the eye
- Treatment of sinus bradycardia
12
Q
What are is included in sympathomimetic drugs?
A
- Epinephrine- Norepinephrine- Phenylephrine- Dopamine- Phenylpropanolamine- Dobutamine- Albuterol
13
Q
What drugs are included in cholinergic blocking drugs?
A
- Atropine- Glycopyrrolate- Aminopentamide- Propantheline- Pralidoxime
14
Q
What are the side effects of using cholinergic blocking drugs?
A
Drowsiness, disorientation, tachycardia, photophobia, constipation, anxiety, and burning at the injection site
15
Q
What is aminopentamide used for?
A
- aka Centrine- Used to control vomiting and diarrhea in dogs and cats
16
Q
What is propantheline used for?
A
- Used to treat diarrhea, urinary incontinence and bradycardia- To reduce colonic peristalsis in horses to allow rectal examination
17
Q
What is pralidoxime used for?
A
To treat organophosphate intoxication
18
Q
What are sympathetic blocker drugs?
A
- Alpha blockers that cause vasodilation- Beta blockers that treat glaucoma, arrhythmias and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
19
Q
What are sympathetic alpha blockers?
A
- Phenoxybenzamine- Yohimbine- Prazosin
20
Q
What is phenoxybenzamine used for?
A
- Urinary blockage in cats- Laminitis in horses
21
Q
What is yohimbine used for?
A
Xylazine reversal
22
Q
What is prazosin used for?
A
Urethral blockage in male cats
23
Q
What are some side effects of sympathetic alpha blockers?
A
Hypotension, tachycardia, muscle tremors, seizures
24
Q
What are some side effects of sympathetic beta blockers?
A
Bradycardia, hypotension, worsening of heart failure, bronchoconstriction, heart block and syncope
25
What are some cholinergic stimulating drugs?
- Bethanechol- Pilocarpine- Metoclopramide
26
What do cholinergic stimulating drugs do?
Drugs that stimulate receptor sites mediated by acetylcholine
27
What are some side effects of cholinergic stimulating drugs?
May include bradycardia, hypotension, heart block, lacrimation, diarrhea, vomiting, increased intestinal activity, and increased bronchial secretions
28
What is bethanechol?
Used to treat GI and urinary tract atony (loss of muscle tone)
29
What is pilocarpine used for?
To reduce intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma
30
What is metoclopramide used for?
To control vomiting and to promote gastric tract emptying
31
What are some characteristics of CNS drugs?
- Most are depressive and alter nerve impulses - Few are stimulatory- Some have reversal agents
32
What are some of the numerous receptors and neurotransmitters included in CNS drugs?
- Acetylcholine- Serotonin- Dopamine- Norepinephrine/epinephrine- Glutamate- GABA- Aspartate - Glycine- Endorphins
33
What reasons should we control patient pain?
- Emotional reasons- Morbidity to all body systems
34
What are the physiology pathway of pain?
1. Transduction (pain receptor)2. Transmission (sensory nerve to the cord)3. Modulation (spinal cord) - enhanced/dampened, organized, amplified4. Perception (brain)
35
What are the goals of pain relief?
- Decrease or abolish discomfort
36
What are some signs of pain?
- Behavioral or Physiological- Increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate- Trembling- Salivation- Mydriasis- Abnormal postures
37
What kind of drugs are analgesics?
- Opiods- Anti-inflammatories- Local anesthetics- Alpha 2 agonists- NMDA receptor antagonists (ketamine)- Others (tramadol, gabapentin, amantadine) - Non-pharmacologic therapy
38
What is an opioid?
- Any compound derived from opium poppy alkaloids and synthetic drugs with similar pharmacologic properties- Produce most potent analgesia, some sedation (narcosis) and decreased anxiety- Controlled drug
39
What are some uses of opioids?
- Part of pre-anesthetic and anesthetic protocol to reduce anesthetic agent dose- Used to treat already painful patient- Used as pre-emptive analgesia for a scheduled painful event (ex: surgery)
40
What are the three main opioid receptors?
- Mu - found in pain regulating areas of the brain- Kappa - found in cerebral cortex and spinal cord- Delta - not used often
41
What does the Mu receptor do?
When stimulated, it will decrease nerve impulses, contribute to analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression/cough suppression, physical dependence, and hypothermic actions
42
What does the Kappa receptor do?
Contributes to mild analgesia, sedation, miosis, and can counteract agent binding to Mu receptor
43
What do behavior modifying drugs?
They change the concentration of, suppresses, or mimics certain neurotransmitters in order to control abnormal behavior
44
What may be considered abnormal behavior?
- Separation anxiety- Fears/phobias- Unruliness/hyperactivity- Compulsive disorders- Cognitive dysfunction in old dogs- Inappropriate elimination in cats
45
What are the neurotransmitters manipulated with behavior modifying drugs?
Acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA
46
What are the categories included in behavior modifying drugs?
- Antipsychotic drugs (tranquilizers)- Antidepressant drugs (mood-elevating)- Anxiolytic drugs (break anxiety or fear response)- Others
47
What are antipsychotic drugs?
Phenothiazine derivatives
48
What are some examples of antipsychotic drugs?
Acepromazine, chlorpromazine, more potent haloperidol and prochlorpromazine
49
What is the method of action for antipsychotic drugs?
They block dopamine receptors found in the emotional area of the brain
50
What are antidepressant drugs?
- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA's)- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
51
What is the method of action of antidepressant drugs?
Decreasing uptake of serotonin, and sometimes epinephrine incidentally
52
What are some examples of antidepressant drugs?
Amytriptylline and Clomipramine
53
Why is it important to do routine blood work with antidepressants?
Due to liver value elevations from long term usage
54
What are some examples of SSRIs?
Fluoxetine (Prozac), fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertaline
55
What medication can not be used with TCAs?
Tramadol due to its serotonin inhibitor factor
56
What is an example of MAOIs?
Selegiline
57
What are some other behavior modifying drugs?
Beta blockers, antihistamines, anticonvulsants, buspirone, and progestin
58
What are anxiolytic drugs?
Benzodiazepine tranquilizers
59
What are some examples of anxiolytic drugs?
Alprazolam (Xanex), Diazepam (Valium), clonazepam, lorazepam
60
What is the mode of action for anxiolytic drugs?
Increasing stimulation of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA
61
What are tranquilizers/sedatives/anti-anxiety drugs considered?
Drugs in this group are CNS depressants
62
What is the purpose of these drugs?
They produce a relaxed state without significant analgesia; unless the drug has a specific analgesic properties
63
What is one thing to keep in mind with these drugs?
That a relaxed state can be overcome with stimuli such as pain, sound or motion
64
What drug is considered a phenothiazine?
Acepromazine
65
What is the mode of action for acepromazine?
- For altered mentation/sedation- Not well understood but thought to be a dopamine block- Relatively safe when administered properly
66
What is acepromazine used for?
- Used to calm; anti-anxiety; no analgesic properties!- There is NO REVERSAL agent
67
How is phenothiazine metabolized?
By the liver and excreted by the kidney, as most phenothiazine derivative tranquilizers are
68
What are some possible side effects of acepromazine?
- Hypotension - Hypothermia through their vasodilator effects (alpha adrenergic blockade)
69
What drugs are included in tranquilizers/sedatives/anti-anxiety medications?
- Phenothiazines- Benzodiazepines- Alpha 2 Agonists
70
What is the mode of action for benzodiazepines?
- It occurs through depression of the thalamic and hypothalamic areas of the brain- They attach to GABA receptor site
71
What do benzodiazepines do?
- They produce sedation, muscle relaxation, appetite stimulation - Also produce minimal depression of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems when compared with other CNS depressants
72
What drugs are considered benzodiazepines?
- Diazepam (Valium) - Midazolam (Versed)- Alprazolam (Xanex)
73
What are some side effects of benzodiazepines?
- Limited side effects when used as directed; dogs can exhibit excitement- Overdose may cause excessive CNS depression
74
What is the reversal agent of benzodiazepines?
Flumazenil
75
What do alpha 2 agonists receptors do?
They bind to alpha 2 receptors that normally release epinephrine
76
What are some side effects of alpha 2 agonists?
Bradycardia and heartblock
77
When should alpha 2's NOT be used?
- In animals with cardiovascular, respiratory, kidney or liver disease - In patients with shock or severe debilitation or stress due to heat, cold or fatigue
78
What drugs are alpha 2 agonists?
- Xylazine HCl (Rompon)- Detomidine HCl (Dormosedan)- Romifidine (Sedivet)- Medetomidine (Domitor) - Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor)
79
What is xylazine hcl used for?
- To induce vomiting in cats- For horses to treat pain with colic and for minor sedation- With ketamine for short procedures- Extra label use for C-sections in cattle
80
What is the reversal agent for xylazine hcl?
Yohimbine, which is an alpha adrenergic blocking agent
81
What are some side effects of xylazine hcl?
Bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression, and increased sensitivity to epinephrine, resulting in cardiac arrhythmias
82
What is detomidine hcl used for?
- Similar to xylazine- Sedation/analgesic in horses
83
What are some side effects of detomidine hcl?
Sweating, muscle tremors, penile prolapse, bradycardia and heart block
84
What is romifidine used for?
- Labeled for use in horses as a sedative to facilitate handling, examination, and treatment, and as premedication before general anesthesia
85
What is medetomidine used for?
- Labeled for use as a sedative and analgesic in dogs older than 12 weeks- Similar to xylazine hcl- Clinical exams, minor surgery, and dentals w/o intubation
86
What is the reversal agent of medetomidine?
Atipamezole aka antisedan
87
What are some possible side effects of medetomidine?
Bradycardia, AV heart block, decreased respirations, hypothermia, urination, vomiting, hyperglycemia and pain at the injection site
88
What is dexmedetomidine used for?
- Sedative and analgesic in dogs and cats- Right handed enantiomer (isomer) of medetomidine, but considered more potent- One ingredient in kitty magic
89
What is the reversal agent of dexmedetomidine?
Atipamezole akak antisedan
90
What are some possible side effects of dexmedetomidine?
Bradycardia, hypertension, vomiting, atrioventricular block, muscle tremors
