Exam 3

Question 1

Define “cellular respiration”

Answer 1

The process by which cells obtain energy from glucose

Question 2

What is the function of a Lysosome?

Answer 2

To break down and recycle macromolecules

Question 3

Where does Glycolysis occur?

Answer 3

In the cytoplasm

Question 4

What are the reactants of Glycolysis? (What goes in?)

Answer 4

2 ATP
NAD+
1 Glucose

Question 5

What are the products of Glycolysis?

Answer 5

2 Net ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate

Question 6

Where does Pyruvate Processing occur?

Answer 6

In the matrix of the mitochondria

Question 7

From each molecule of glucose, the cell obtains…?

Answer 7

10 NADH
2 FADH2
4 ATP

Question 8

Where will hydrophilic proteins be synthesized?

Answer 8

Hydrophilic proteins will be synthesized in the cytoplasm

Question 9

Where will proteins that are intended to go outside of the cell/embedded in the cell membrane be synthesized?

Answer 9

In the Rough ER

Question 10

Where will the proteins of cellular respiration/glycolysis be synthesized?

Answer 10

By ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Question 11

What is Glycosolation?

Answer 11

the protein is folded and modified by adding carbohydrates

Question 12

What is the function of organelles in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 12

Organelles increase the efficiency of the biochemical reactions that occur in the cell

Question 13

Testosterone is a steroid hormone that is responsible for the development of the male reproductive system. Which of the following organelles will be found abundantly in the cells of human testes?

Answer 13

Smooth ER

Question 14

CFTR gene encodes for the CFTR transmembrane protein. Where is this protein synthesized?

Answer 14

Rough ER

Question 15

Hexokinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of glycolysis. Where will hexokinase be synthesized?

Answer 15

Hexokinase will be synthesized in the cytoplasm.

Question 16

What is the function of microtubules?

Answer 16

Microtubules are used as the “railroad tracks” for vesicle transport.

Question 17

What are the three types of molecular structures that make up the cytoskeleton?

Answer 17

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments

Question 18

What is the function of peroxisomes?

Answer 18

Peroxisomes are responsible for the oxidation of fatty acids.

Question 19

Which organelle is responsible for protein/lipid packaging and sorting?

Answer 19

The Golgi Apparatus

Question 20

Which organelle is responsible for lipid synthesis?

Answer 20

the Smooth ER

Question 21

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Answer 21

the Rough ER

Question 22

Exergonic reactions are…

Answer 22

Catabolic, and they release energy by breaking bonds

Question 23

Endergonic reactions are…

Answer 23

Anabolic, and they absorb energy by forming bonds

Question 24

During which two stages of Cellular Respiration does Substrate Level Phosphorylation occur?

Answer 24

Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

Question 25

all enzymes are

Answer 25

proteins

Question 26

What happens to a reaction if there is too much kinetic energy?

Answer 26

If there is too much kinetic energy, the reaction will be interrupted

Question 27

What happens to a reaction if there is not enough kinetic energy?

Answer 27

If there is not enough kinetic energy, the reaction will not take place

Question 28

the reactant upon which an enzyme works

Answer 28

substrate

Question 29

transition state

Answer 29

combinations of old and new bonds that are formed when reactants collide

Question 30

activation energy

Answer 30

the amount of energy that the reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will occur

Question 31

catalyst

Answer 31

a substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction and increases the rate of a reaction

Question 32

Why do chemical reactions tend to proceed faster at a higher temperature?

Answer 32

temperature increase means an increase in kinetic energy

Question 33

How does a substrate bond to an enzyme's active site?

Answer 33

Hydrogen bonding between the substrate and the R groups of the active site

Question 34

How do cofactors work?

Answer 34

By binding to the active site and stabilizing the transition state

Question 35

Cofactors can be...

Answer 35

metals such as zinc or magnesium

Question 36

Coenzymes are...

Answer 36

small organic molecules that are not part of the enzymes primary structure

Question 37

Competitive Inhibition

Answer 37

Occurs when a molecule similar in size and shape to the substrate binds to the active site, directly blocking the active site

Question 38

Allosteric Regulation (Control)

Answer 38

Occurs when a molecule binds to the enzyme in a location other than the active site, which then causes a conformational change to take place in the enzyme, making the substrate unable to bind to the active site

Question 39

If you have a small substrate concentration, you can expect the reaction to proceed...

Answer 39

Quickly

Question 40

If you have a large substrate concentration, you can expect the reaction to...

Answer 40

Plateau

Question 41

How does a change in pH affect the function of an enzyme?

Answer 41

affects the ability of the active site to participate in proton transfer

Question 42

What will happen if the final acceptor is not present in the cell?

Answer 42

Cellular respiration will not occur, so fermentation will take over

Question 43

What is the final acceptor?

Answer 43

Oxygen

Question 44

If a poison shuts down Complex III of the ETC, what will happen?

Answer 44

Complex III is blocked and no ATP will be produced

Question 45

What kind of energy is found in the H+ gradient?

Answer 45

Potential energy

Question 46

What kind of energy is found in ATP Synthase?

Answer 46

Kinetic energy

Question 47

In cells that are capable, the fermentation pathway turns on when oxygen is unavailable, helping to generate NAD+. When oxygen is present, where is NADH oxidized?

Answer 47

Electron Transport Chain

Question 48

What is produced in Light Dependent Reactions (Photosynthesis)?

Answer 48

oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

Question 49

What is produced in Light Independent Reactions (Photosynthesis)?

Answer 49

Sugar is produced from CO2

Question 50

Where will the sugar produced in Photosynthesis go to, and what will it be used for?

Answer 50

The sugar produced in photosynthesis will go to the cytoplasm to be used in cellular respiration

Question 51

Is cellular respiration an anabolic or a catabolic reaction?

Answer 51

Cellular respiration is a catabolic reaction

Question 52

Is Photosynthesis an anabolic or a catabolic reaction?

Answer 52

Photosynthesis is an anabolic reaction

Question 53

Where is sugar oxidized in plants?

Answer 53

In the mitochondria

Question 54

What is the function of the head of chlorophyll?

Answer 54

Absorbs light

Question 55

What is the function of the tail of chlorophyll?

Answer 55

keeps the molecule embedded in the thylakoid membrane

Question 56

Chemiosmosis

Answer 56

the use of a gradient of ions to generate enough kinetic energy to allow the creation of ATP