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Psychology 1010 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Strengths of Naturalistic Observation

A

Used for observing relationships between variables.

More natural behaviour occurs if people are unaware of observation.

Studying of animals that cannot be observed in captivity.

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2
Q

Weaknesses of Naturalistic Observation

A

Behavior may change.

Difficult to recreate behavior

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3
Q

Issues with self-report

A

Answers may be affected by people’s desire to appear socially appropriate.

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4
Q

When would you want to use surveys?

A

When studies may be unethical (Effect of alcohol on fetus)

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5
Q

Operationalization

A

Process of tranlsating abstract independent and dependent variables into measurable forms

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6
Q

Validty

A

Measure that results lead to a valid conclusion

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7
Q

Internal Validity

A

Results are due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

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8
Q

External Validity

A

Results can be extrapolated to a general population.

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9
Q

Attributions

A

Judgments/explantions about why others behave in a certain way

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10
Q

Situational Attribution

A

External factors (situation) are the cause of a person’s behavior

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11
Q

Dispositional Attributions

A

Internal factors (behavior or personal qualities) are the cause of a person’s behvavior

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12
Q

Correspondence Bias

A

The tendency to view others’ behaviors as the result of disposition, even when we know the behavior can be explained by the situation in which it occurs

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13
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

A global neglect for situational variables in making attributions, leading to an overestimation of dispositional contributions when observing the behavior of others.

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14
Q

Actor / Observer Bias

A

We use situational variables to explain our behavior while maintaining that dispositonal variables are responsible for the behavior of others.

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15
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

Our successes are our disposition, our failures are our situation

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16
Q

Just World Belief

A

Good things happen to good people, may lead to victim blaming

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17
Q

Attitudes

A

Positive or negative evalutions that predispose behavior toward an object, person or situation. They guide our decisions.

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18
Q

Effect of Operant Conditioning on Attitudes

A

approval or disapproval shapes a person’s attitudes.

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19
Q

Effect of Classical Conditioning on Attitudes

A

One is likely to form a positive attitude toward stimuli associated with positive outcomes

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20
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Discomfort when our outward behavior doesn’t match our inward attitudes, leads to an attitude change

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21
Q

Conformity

A

Changing behvior due to perceived presence of other people

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22
Q

Asch study

A

Matching a reference line. group answered incorrectly, participant went with group instead of standing up for correct answer.

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23
Q

Why do people conform?

A

To perform correctly in an ambiguous situation. To reduce risk of rejection

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24
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

People conform in order to reflect correct behavior in a situation

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25
Normative Social Influence
Person conforms to be liked
26
Obedience
Compliance with the request of an authority figure
27
Milgram's Experiment
A shock was delivered when words weren't correctly memorized. We learned that authority trumps personal morals
28
Most obedient Cultures
Netherlands, Germany, Austria
29
Least Obedient to Milgram
Australian Women
30
Current Milgram?
as recent as 2009, 2/3 of those tested obeyed.
31
Bystander Effect
The more people there are around, the more likely it is that people will let other people take action
32
Pluralistic Ignorance
When members of a group privately reject a norm, but incorrectly assume that others accept it and therefore go along with it.
33
Motivation
A process that arouses, maintains and guides behavior towards a goal
34
Emotion
A combo of arousal, physical sensations and subjective feelings that occur spontaneously in response to an environmental stimuli
35
Intrinsic Rewards
A reward that arises interanlly
36
Extrinsic reward
A reward from an external source
37
Obesity
Rates of obesity have tripled in American adults. it's up in all age groups.
38
Causes of obeisity
Genetic predisposition Lifestyle issues Social Comparisons
39
Anorexia
Low Body weight and a distorted body image. Interrupts menstruaton, dry and yellow skin, sensitive to cold and gastrointestinal problems. Hospitalization is required for treatment. 1 F and .3 M are affected by it
40
Bulimia
Bingeing and purging. Depression SSRI (seratonin) really help more common than anorexia.
41
Figi Study
Once american TV was introduced, eating disorders were had
42
Achievement
Desire to excel or outperform others
43
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
``` Self-Actualization Esteem(respect) Love (affection, belongingness) Safety Immediate physiological needs ```
44
Updated Maslow's
``` Parenting Mate retention Mate acquisition Status/Esteem Affiliation Self-protection Immediate physiological needs ```
45
Critcism of Maslow
No evolutionary reason for self-actualization
46
Dan Pink
Purpose Autonomy Mastery
47
James-Lange
Event>Arousal> Interpretation>Emtion Stimulus>Physical Response>Feeling Physical sensations lead to subjective feelings. Assumes that physical states relate to each type of feeling and are distinct from one another. Assumes we can correctly label and associate these states as feelings
48
Catharsis
Emotional reservoir that fills and spills over. Expressing the emotion decreases the amount in the well, reduces arousal. Contradicts James-Lange
49
Cannon-Bard
Stimulus>>Physical Response & Feeling Both the physical response and the subjective feeling occur simultaneously and independently No assumption that experience of a feeling depends on physical sensations
50
Schachter-Singer Two Factor
Event> Arousal> Cognitive Labels> Emotion Stimulus> Arousal> Assessment of surroundings> Feeling Emotion begins with an appraisal of physical sensations arousal signals us to interpret and make a conscious appraisal Identify the emotion
51
Capilano Bridge
Scary Bridge, pretty girl. Can you tell where your feelings are stemming from?
52
Id
Pleasure Principle. Wants it all now
53
Ego
Reality Principle Seen by others Coordinates Id with Reality
54
Superego
Internalizes Society's rules Forms what may be called a conscious
55
Defense Mechanisms
``` Denial Repression Projection Displacement Reaction Formation Rationalization Regression Sublimation ```
56
Denial
Refusal to admit
57
Repression
Memory Blocked
58
Projection
Attribute feelings to others
59
Displacement
Direct feelings to safer target
60
Reaction Formation
Act opposite of feelings
61
Rationalization
Cognitive reframing
62
Regression
Reverts to less mature behavior
63
Sublimation
Prosocial channels
64
Psychosexual Stages
``` Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital ```
65
Oral
0-1.5 | Pleasure in sucking
66
Anal
1-3 | Pleasure in controlling bowels
67
Phallic
3-5 | Pleasure in those ares
68
Latency
5-(10-14)) | Waiting until Puberty
69
Genital
Puberty on | Ultimate Sexual Intercourse + affectionate feeling
70
Fixations
Happen when someone spends too long in one phase
71
Big Five Traits
``` OCEAN Openness Consciousness Extroversion Aggreeableness Neuroticism ```
72
Openness
fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, curious, unconvential
73
Conscieniousness
comptent, order, efficient, organized, self-disciplined
74
Extroversion
warm, gregarious, energetic, adventurous, assertive
75
Agreeableness
trusting, forgiving, sympathetic, alturistic. modest
76
Neuroticism
Anxious, depressed, self conscious, impulsive
77
HEXACO
``` Honest Emotionality Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to experience ```
78
Objective Personality tests
stuff like Big Five. Scales, multiple choice
79
Projective Tests
Freudian, an ambiguous stimulus is presented and person projects their personality onto it.
80
Barnum Effect
Something for everyone. We remember the good and discard the bad.
81
Self Esteem
Global report card for self High compares down Low compares up

Psychology 1010 (3 decks)

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