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Psychology 1010 > Exam 4 (Final) > Flashcards

Exam 4 (Final) Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

o Syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbances in cognition, emotion or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological or development processes underlying mental function

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2
Q

DSM

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition)

system for classification of psychological disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association

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3
Q

ICD

A

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10th Edition-11th published in 2015
Published by the WHO

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4
Q

Critiques of DSM

A

Allen Frances
Creates false epidemics.
(ADD, Autism, Biopolar disorder in children) also ADHD

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5
Q

Diathesis Stress Model

A

Suggests that the experience of stress interacts with an individual’s biological predisposition to produce a psychological disorder

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6
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

(GAD) A disorder that is characterized by excessive anxiety and worry that is not correlated with particular objects or situations.
Diagnosed after anxiety/worry for 6 months.

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7
Q

GAD Symptoms

A

6 months of distress/anxiety, worry
Physical: headache, stomachache, muscle tension.
Often comorbid

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8
Q

Panic Disorder

A 
Disorder Characterized by repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks.
Affects 2.7% of population
More women than men
comorbid
begin in adolescence
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9
Q

Panic Attack

A

The experience of intense fear and autonomic arousal in the absence of real threat.
Last 10 mins. Fear/Discomfort both physical/cognitive symptoms. Symp. nervous systems
may have obvious stimuli or not

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10
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of open spaces.

Common outcome of Panic Disorder. Prevents working or engaging in normal social activities.

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11
Q

Social Anxiety Disorders

A

A disorder characterized by an unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others.

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12
Q

Specific Phobias

A

Fear of objects

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13
Q

Anxiety Disorder

A

Disorder where anxiety is not proportional to a person’s circumstance

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14
Q

OCD

A

(Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)
Disroder associated with intrusive obsessions and compulsions
2-3% us pop

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15
Q

Obsessions

A

An intrusive, distressing thought

i.e. Worries about contamination, hurting someone, inappropriate impulses, ordering things

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16
Q

Compulsions

A

Repetitive, ritualistic behavior associated with high anxiety.

i.e. Efforts to ward off anxiety. Compulsive hand washing, checking (ensuring), counting, ordering objects, requesting assurances)

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17
Q

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

A

Caused by trauma.
Leads to flashbacks
Affects between 3-4% of US pop.

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18
Q

What part of the brain does PTSD affect?

A

Hippocampus

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19
Q

What Percentage of the adult US population is affected by PTSD?

A

3-4%

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20
Q

What is Major depressive disorder?

A

Disorder characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure (adhedonia), disturbances in sleep/appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness and possible thoughts of suicide

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21
Q

Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder?

A

Affects 7% of adult pop.
Increases with age
Affects more women than men

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22
Q

Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder

A 
Physical
-Appetite or sleep interrupted
-Fatigue or Restelessnes
Cognitive
-Difficulty concentrating
-Feelings of hoplesness/worthlessness
-suicidal thoughts
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23
Q

Causes of Major Depressive Disorder

Learning, Cognitive, Social, Biology (BRAIN

A

Learning: Reduction of positive reinforcement/increase of negative outcomes
-Learned helplessness (operant conditioning)
Cognitive: Combo of negative thoughts about self, world, future
-Rumination: focusing on fact that one is depressed
Social: Feelings of sad/loneliness
Biology/Brain: 40% heritability SEROTONIN (boost @ synapse)
-reduced L frontal,
-Increased R frontal
-May be caused by disturbances in Circadian Rhythms.

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24
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression
Concordance rate of 70%

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25
Ratio of females to males who are diagnosed with bipolar
3: 2 | 2. 6% of US adults
26
Mania
Period of unrealistically elevated mood, increased goal-directed activity or energy. Little need for sleep
27
Schizophrenia
Characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought, speech and movement. Restricted avolition of associality
28
% of human pop affected by Schizophrenia
1%
29
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
``` Positive (things sick people have) -Delusions -Hallucinations -Disorganized Speech -Disorders of movement Negative (things healthy people have that sick dont) -Flat affect -diminished emotional expression/avolition ```
30
Delusions (Schizophrenia)
Unrealistic belief (persecutions/paranoia, unrealistic power, grandiose)
31
Hallucinations (Schizophrenia)
False Perception | Mostly auditory
32
Catatonia
Maintenance of awkward or unusual body positions for hours at a time
33
Biology of Schizophrenia
50% concordance rate Same genes as bipolar Low levels of frontal lobe activitie Abnormalities of DOPAMINE. boosts produce halluciantions
34
Socioeconomic and Schizophrenia
Poorer people are 5 times more likely than those in higher socioeconomic groups.
35
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Unusual lack of remorse, empathy or regard from normal social rules/conventions risky/irresponsible behavior. form shallow, fleeting relationships with others psychopath
36
Percentages of Antisocial Personality Disorder
3.3-.2% (US 1%)
37
Brain and Antisocial Personality Disorder
Amygdalae show low activity (can't recognize fear) | abnormal in orbitofronal cortex (poor judgement)
38
Borderline Personality Disorder
Instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, emotion Frantically avoid abandonment
39
Percentages of Borderline Personality disorder
2% pop | 3:1::women:men
40
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Multiple Personality Disorder, characterized by experience of 2 disinct states
41
ADHD
(Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder) unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity
42
Percentages of ADHD
2011, 11% of kids between 4-17 | twice as frequent in males as females
43
Causes of ADHD
No known causes, genetics, environmental risks (low birth weight, lead, prenatal exposure to drugs)
44
ADHD Brain
underactive frontal lobes | Prefrontal cortex/basal ganglia feature large amounts of dopamine
45
ADHD meds
Ritalin, Dexedrine/Dextrostat, Adderall | ALL MEDS BOOST DOPAMINE
46
Autism Spectrum Disorder
deficits in social relatedness/communication skills. Accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior
47
Numbers for ASD
1/50 kids | Females:males::1:4
48
Causes for ASD
Failure to develop theory of mind genetics, (.76-.88 concordance) Parental age is risk factor, older more likely Exposure to infection and nutritional factors SSRI's during pregnancy (3x)
49
ASD and the brain
Abnormalities in amydgala, hippocampus and cerebellum | Abnormalities in corical development that lead to narrow minicolumns
50
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Combo of cognitive restructuring with behavioral treatments that has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms
51
Cognitive Restructuring
Technique used in which new, rational beliefs replace earlier, irrational beliefs
52
Treating Autism
ABA | No real meds, abnormalities in serotonin, GABA, Glutamate
53
Treating ADHD
Meds: Ritalin, Dexedrine/Dextrostat, Adderall | ALL INCREASE DOPAMINE + NOREPINEPHRINE
54
Treating Anxiety
Meds: Librium, Valium, Xanax (benzodiazepines, Chlordiazepoxides) CBT GABA (helps inhibit the brain)
55
Treating OCD
Antidepressants, CBT
56
Treating Depression
Antidepressant: meant to alleviate symptoms of depression More effective in more serious cases SSRI's :increase serotonin activity by interfering with reuptake CBT Adding aerobic exercises help as well
57
Treating Bipolar
Meds: Lithium (only helps with mania) too much is toxic
58
Treating Schizophrenia
Meds: Chloropromazine or phenothiazienes (block dopamine at receptor site) Side effects: Tardive Dyskinesia People responded well when they healed at home and were allowed to do meaningful work
59
Tardive Dyskinesia
Slow/difficulty moving -tremors , involuntary moving
60
Treating Boderline Personality Disorder
NO meds specific for this but, antidepressants, antipsychotic, mood stabilizers (Li), antianxiety (benzodiazepines) and anticonvulsants Some people are hospitalized CBT/DBT (dialectical behavior therapy)
61
Who is happy?
Those who are less self-focused, less hostile and abusive, less vulnerable to disease. More: loving, forgiving, trusting, energetic, decisive, creative, helpful and sociable
62
Factors that help happiness
``` Money (kind of) self-esteem sense of personal control optimism extraversion close relationships married ```
63
Happiness Formula
H = S+C+V
64
H=
Enduring Happiness Level
65
S=
Set range, genetically predisposed at a certain level
66
C
Circumstances in life (10%)
67
V
Factors under voluntary control (40%)
68
Flow
un-self-consciously absorbed. Mindful challenge. Challenges engage and match skill
69
Non-flowers
attention disorders excessive self-conscious excessive self-centered Schizophrenia
70
Positive AFFECT
Barbara Fredrickson | Positive Affect opens us up globally
71
Positive Affect effects what?
creativity, reslience, academic performance, integrating complex info, trust

Psychology 1010 (3 decks)

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