exam 3 Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
when an atom molecule is ____ it gains electrons
A
reduced
2
Q
when a molecule loses an electron in a chemical reaction it has been ____
A
oxidized
3
Q
what are free radicals?
A
unpaired electrons generated by normal metabolic process
4
Q
what is the main function of antioxidants with regard to free radicals?
A
giving electrons to free radicals
5
Q
the best way to improve the body’s defense against free radicals is to ____
A
consume plenty of fruits and vegetables
6
Q
free radical damage has been implicated in increasing the risk of ____
A
Atherosclerosis
7
Q
which of the vitamins serves as an antioxidant in cell membranes?
A
Vitamin E
8
Q
the main forms of vitamin E in the body is
A
Alpha tocopherol
9
Q
replacing animal fats with plant oils in the diet would not only cut saturated fat intake but also increase ____
A
Vitamin E intake
10
Q
when a cell membrane is damaged by free radicals which specific component of the cell membrane is damaged?
A
phospholipids
11
Q
a rich source of vitamin E is ____
A
corn oil
12
Q
vitamin E is thought to be helpful in the prevention of heart disease because it ____
A
prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol
13
Q
what groups are at the highest rate of negative consequences of marginal vitamin E status?
A
preterm infants
14
Q
the most bioavailable source of vitamin E is _____
A
plant oil
15
Q
deficiency symptoms of pinpoint hemorrhage’s under the skin, bleeding gums and joint pain are related to the role of vitamin C in _____
A
collagen synthesis
16
Q
Vitamin C enhances the absorption of which mineral?
A
Iron
17
Q
As part of the body’s antioxidant defenses vitamin c participated in the recycling of ____
A
vitamin E
18
Q
Vitamin C intake over 2 grams a day may cause ____
A
Diarrhea
19
Q
the vitamin C content of foods can be decreased by _______
A
Exposure to heat, cooking, and exposure to oxygen
20
Q
what form of carotene is converted to Vitamin A in the body?
A
Beta carotene
21
Q
Beta carotene is a precursor to _____
A
vitamin A
22
Q
consuming carotenoids may reduce risk of _____
A
cataracts, cancer, age related macular degeneration, CVD
23
Q
lycopene is found in _____
A
tomatoes
24
Q
consuming excessive carotenoids may reduce risk of _____
A
yellowing of the skin
25
the selenium level in food is tightly associated with ____
selenium contained in soil
26
flavonoids, carotenoids, and stannous are all examples of ____
phytochemicals
27
what are the functions of selenium?
immune function, thyroid function, enzyme activity GDA
28
formation and maintenance of collagen requires which nutrient?
vitamin C
29
Scurvy can be prevented with adequate intakes of ____
Vitamin C
30
A mineral that has antioxidant functions and has been suggested to reduce cancer is_____
Selenium
31
For cancer prevention what types of foods should be limited?
cured meats
32
what are the forms of cancer related to excessive calorie intake?
colon, breast, pancreatic cancer
33
what are the characteristics of teeth?
made of hydroxyapatite, strengthened by fluoride covered by enamel
34
what are the characteristics of the cortical bone?
dense structure
35
what are the characteristics of the trabecular bone?
porous structure side of blood cell synthesis more rapidly remodeled
36
the mixture of calcium and phosphorous that mineralizes the bone is called ______
hydroxyapatite
37
bone remodeling refers to _____
continuous degradation and regeneration of bone
38
a good indication of bone health is _____
bone mineral density
39
in women bone loss begins around age ____
30
40
high intakes of which nutrients are associated with increases bone mass?
calcium P, Vitamin D AND C, fluoride
41
postmenopausal women are more prone to fractures than premenopausal because _____
low estrogen levels, accentuated bone loss
42
to prevent bone loss a woman at risk of osteoporosis could ______
incorporate weight, calcium and vitamin D
43
why is strength training recommended for prevention of osteoporosis?
distress on bones stimulates bone maintenance
44
difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis?
bone loss of osteoporosis is not as severe
45
the most accurate method of assessing bone health is
DEXA, duel energy X-ray absorb
46
DEXA T score of -2.1 bone density indicates _____
osteopenia
47
in the body 99% of calcium is found in the _____
bones and teeth
48
what are the factors that increase calcium absorption?
growth lactation, lactose on GI tract
49
what are the dietary factors that decrease calcium absorption?
fitic acid, oxidate tamis
50
functions of calcium:
forming and maintaining bones, blood clotting, muscle contraction, normal nerve transmission
51
most nutrient dense calcium food source is _____
dairy
52
_____ is a mineral in the body in the greatest quantity. The best dietary sources are milk and dairy.
calcium
53
the nutrient that can be considered a vitamin and a hormone is _____
Vitamin D
54
Vitamin D is uniques among vitamins because _____
it can be formed in the body by skin exposure
55
______ is the building block of vitamin D
cholesterol
56
the ability of the skin to synthesize vitamin D is decreased by _____
sunscreen, skin color, clothing, geographical location
57
the childhood disease Rickey’s is due to a deficiency of _____
Vitamin D
58
Vitamin D is converted to its active form by the _____
liver and kidney
59
the most reliable source of vitamin D is _____
fortified milk
60
soft bones regulating from a deficiency of vitamin D in adulthood is _____
osteomalacia
61
the major effect of taking high diesel if vitamin D is _____
calcium deposits in kidney and other organs
62
vitamin D toxicity is most likely a result of _____
mega dose of vitamin D
63
what would be the best source of vitamin D for a person following a vegan diet?
fortified soy milk
64
fat malabsorption may contribute to poor bone health because of impaired absorption of _____
vitamin D
65
the fat soluble vitamin that can lead to calcification of soft tissue, such as the kidney, when consumed in large quantities is _____
vitamin D
66
what is magnesium’s primary function?
nerve and heart function
67
the mineral that gives hardness to teeth and bones is ____
fluoride
68
the most economical way to supply fluoride is _____
fluoridation of water
69
this mineral can be protective for teeth when introduced in the the water supply, however it can cause tooth mottling when consumed in high quantities:
fluoride
70
to promote bone health, all infants should receive supplemental _____
calcium
71
Tetany is a sign of low blood levels of _____
calcium
72
______ is a disease in which bone mass is lost to such a degree that fractures can occur in bones, especially in the wrist, spine, and hips
osteoporosis
73
______ is a major mineral important for nerve and heart function and is a coda for for over 300 enzymes. it is a major constituent of bone and is found in whole grains and vegetables
magnesium
74
a ______ is an organic compound that aids enzyme function by combining with inactive enzymes to form a catalytically active form
coenzyme
75
B vitamins have high _____ which means that typically about 50-90% of the B vitamins in the diet are absorbed
Bioavailability
76
because B vitamins are ___ very little is stored and excess end up in the urine or stool
Water soluble
77
beriberi is caused by ____
thiamine deficiency
78
symptoms of ______ deficiency include glossitis dermatitis , cheilosis, eye disorder, sun sensitivity and confusion
riboflavin vitamin B2
79
Niacin deficiency causes the disease ______
pellagra
80
_______ is a water soluble vitamin that is especially in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis and the synthesis of heme portion of the hemoglobin
Vitamin B6
81
_____ is a water soluble vitamin that is especially important for the release of energy from carbohydrates as well as the synthesis of RNA DNA and some neurotransmitters
Vitamin B1 thiamine
82
the foods that provide the largest source of riboflavin in the american diet are ______
milk and dairy products
83
pellagra is characterized by ______
dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death (the 4Ds)
84
some niacin is formed in the body from _______
tryptophan (essential amino acid)
85
the vitamin that aids in activating fatty acids so they can yield energy is _____
pantothenic
86
______ is the unique among B vitamins because bacterial synthesis if the vitamin contributes to meeting human needs
Biotin
87
taking mega doses of B6 supplements an lead to _____
nerve damage
88
which vitamin is required for amino acid metabolism?
Vitamin B6
89
the best vitamin B6 sources include ______
animal products, fish, meat, poultry
90
in north america, which population is most susceptible to deficiency of B vitamins?
Alcoholics
91
the deficiency of ______ results in impairs glucose tolerance and elevated blood cholesterol
chromium
92
a severe iodide deficiency during early pregnancy may result in an infant afflicted with ______
congenital hypothyroidism
93
a goiter may form as a consequence if adequate intake of _______
iodine
94
people who eat large amounts of seaweed can consume toxic levels of which trace mineral?
iodine
95
the major source of iodine in our diet is ________
table salt
96
liver and lung damage of chromium toxicity can occur from ______
exposure to industrial waste
97
which of the body’s systems is particularly sensitive to choline status?
Nervous system
98
manganese is required as a cofactor for synthesis of _____ and metabolism of some ____
glucose-amino acids
99
an important role of vitamin K is synthesis of _____
Prothrombin
100
the nutrient essential for several blood clotting facts is _____
vitamin K
101
generally, good folate sources are _____
green leafy vegetables
102
enrichment of grains was started in the late 1930s. enrichment was expanded to include _____ in 1998
folic acid
103
milk is a poor source of _____
iron and vitamin C
104
the best food source of iron is _____
liver
105
iron is the best absorbed from _____
meat products
106
what is a good source of heme iron?
meat
107
all blood cells are formed in the _____
bone marrow
108
in order for coumadin to be effective, consistent daily consumption of _____ must be maintained
Vitamin K
109
the form of folate found in supplements in enriched cereal is _____
folic acid
110
a disease that causes increased iron absorption leading to organ toxicity is _____
hemochromatosis
111
vitamin D and K share which characteristics?
both synthesized in the body
112
older adults may require supplemental source of vitamin B12 because ______
decreased production of intristic factor, decrease absorption of vitamin B12
113
anemia can result from deficiency of ______
iron, collate, B12
114
world wide the most prevalent nutrient deficiency is ______
iron
115
a reduced sense of taste is associated with a deficiency of ______
zinc
116
growth retardation and ooor sexual development occur with a deficiency of ______
zinc
117
this vitamin when consumed during pregnancy can help prevent neutral tube defects like spina bifida :
folate and colitis acid
118
pernicious anemia is related to unpairs absorption of _____
vitamin B12
119
iron is best absorbed in its _____ form
heme
120
vitamin C and meT protein _____ nonheme iron absorption
increases
121
the skin assists the immune system by ______
forming a barrier against invading pathogens
122
clusters or specialized immune cells located throughout the gastrointestinal trait are known as ______
GALT
123
phagocytosis is one form of _____
cell mediated immunity
124
the process by which some types of white blood cells are able to engulf and destroy foreign particles is ______
phagocytosis
125
a high diet is sugars, fat, and calories _____ the inflammatory response
promote
126
the food choices typified by the traditional mediterranean diet tend to _____ chronic inflammation
decrease
127
because of its roles ion regulating the growth and development of epilethial tissue and supporting the activity leukocytes,______ is sometimes the anti infection vitamin
vitamin A
128
antioxidant nutrients support immune functions because they ____________
protect white blood cells from losing damaged by oxidative reactions that destroy pathogens
129
vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium support immune function mainly through their roles in ______
antioxidant system
130
what are the forms of vitamin A?
beta carotene, retinoids
131
most vitamin A is stored in the _____
liver
132
drying in the cornea did go vitamin A deficiency is called ______
xerophthalmia
133
which fat soluble vitamin is important for health of epithelial cells because it promotes mucus production?
vitamin A
134
the safest way to meet vitamin A needs is by _____
consuming a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables
135
dark green or orange vegetables and/or fruits are recommended at least every other day to provide a source of ______
vitamin A
