Exam 3

Question 1

Earth’s age

Answer 1

4.55 Billion years

Question 2

Evolution

Answer 2

Change in allele frequency within a POPULATION from one generation to the next

Question 3

Selection vs Genetic drift

Answer 3

Selection-species with more advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
Genetic drift-evolution due to random chance

Question 4

Microevolution vs Macroevolution

Answer 4

Microevolution-evolution within a species

Macroevolution-evolution at or above species level

Question 5

Phylogenetic trees

Answer 5

Show the relationships between species

Question 6

Homologous characters

Answer 6

Common characteristics between multiple species (Ex. having a spinal column)

Question 7

Vestigial traits

Answer 7

Loss of a function as opposed to a gain

Ex. our tailbone, Emu ability to fly, dolphins ability to smell

Question 8

Vestigial genes

Answer 8

When a gene is “turned off” because it’s not necessary for survival (aka “pseudogenes”)

Question 9

Selection

Answer 9

Process by which organisms better adapted to their environment survive and pass on their genes

Question 10

Relationship between selection, adaptation, fitness, evolution

Answer 10

Species with these traits are more likely to survive

Question 11

Directional selection

Answer 11

Shift average of a trait in either direction (whole bell curve moves right or left)

Question 12

Stabilizing selection

Answer 12

Eliminates extremes, (bell curve narrows on edges/less bell shape)

Question 13

Diversifying selection

Answer 13

Favors extremes, eliminates intermediate (Bell curve in middle splits into two on ends)

Question 14

Sexual selection

Answer 14

Favoring traits that increase the ability to mate and produce offspring

Question 15

Sexual selection vs selection for survival

Answer 15

Sexual selection attracts more mates but makes one a target for predators

Question 16

Coevolution

Answer 16

Continuous evolution between two or more different species

Question 17

Red queen hypothesis

Answer 17

One evolving to keep up with the other time and time again (keep running just to stay in the same place)
(Ex. Monarchs and milkweeds, orchids and moths, bat’s tongues and flowers, Darwin’s orchid)

Question 18

Genealogical species concept

Answer 18

Defines species based on evolutionary relationships

Question 19

Speciation

Answer 19

Formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

Question 20

Allopatric speciation

Answer 20

Physical barrier to gene flow (Ex. mountains, rivers, continental drift)
(Shrimp separated when the isthmus of Panama rose)

Question 21

Sympatric speciation

Answer 21

No physical barrier to gene flow (Ex. hybridization of plants

Question 22

Gradualism vs Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 22

Gradualism-slow process of small evolutionary changes.

Punctuated equilibrium-rapid evolution followed by periods of stasis

Question 23

Evidence for evolution

Answer 23

Uplift of the Andes
Finch beak size evolves in response to rainfall and available seeds in the Galapagos
E. coli experiment

Question 24

Phylogenies

Answer 24

The development or evolution of a particular group of organisms.

Question 25

Biodiversity

Answer 25

Variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat

Question 26

Inputs of light reactions

Answer 26

Light, H20

Question 27

Speciation rates on a phylogeny

Answer 27

Increase with reproductive isolation

Question 28

Inputs of Calvin cycle

Answer 28

ATP, NADPH, CO2

Question 29

Outputs of Calvin cycle

Answer 29

Sugars

Question 30

Desired product vs byproduct

Answer 30

Desired product-glucose | Byproduct-O2

Question 31

Chlorophyll

Answer 31

Pigment that turns chloroplasts green

Question 32

Chloroplast anatomy and role in photosynthesis

Answer 32

Stroma-fluid area inside the cell (cytoplasm of plant cells) | Thylakoid-disk shaped membrane that contains chlorophyll

Question 33

Light reactions vs. Calvin cycle

Answer 33

LR-occur in thylakoids | Calvin cycle-occurs in stroma

Question 34

Stomata/guard cell and function

Answer 34

Stomata-pores in the leaves of plants that allow gas exchange Guard cells-cells surrounding stomata that open of close the pore

Question 35

CAM vs C3 photosynthesis, process, evolution

Answer 35

CAM-Stomata open during the nighttime (prevent a lot of water escaping) C3-Stomata open during the day

Question 36

Role of stomata

Answer 36

Let CO2 into the plant cells, but water can evaporate

Question 37

Parasitic plants

Answer 37

Energy obtained from host | No need for photosynthesis

Question 38

Evolution and origin of chloroplasts

Answer 38

Originated from a photosynthetic bacteria that was engulfed by a larger cell

Question 39

Climate change

Answer 39

Changes in temperature (usually higher), changes in weather patterns (more rain, less rain), more extreme weather events

Question 40

Historical climate change

Answer 40

Wobbling of the earth, angle changes and can cause events like ice ages

Question 41

Methods for getting climate data

Answer 41

Dendrochronology-counting tree rings, youngest rings at edge, thicker rings correspond to higher temps/moisture (measure back 13,000 years) Ice cores/fossil air-collect date, temperature, and CO2 concentration (data back to at least 500,000 years ago

Question 42

Hockey stick result

Answer 42

Steady rate and then dramatic increase creating a hockey stick shape

Question 43

Greenhouse effect

Answer 43

Higher CO2 creates higher temperatures

Question 44

Threats of climate change/why how they're threats

Answer 44

``` Glaciers melt-less home for animals Sea levels rise-less area for humans Habitats shift upwards-nowhere to go Populations become more isolated- Lower genetic diversity ```

Question 45

Organisms response to climate change

Answer 45

Migrate-move Phenotypic plasticity-change phenotype (reproducing earlier) Evolve-beneficial adaptations to arise

Question 46

Morphological species concept

Answer 46

Species defined by their physical characteristics Different species have different physical characteristics Only one useable on fossils

Question 47

Biological species concept

Answer 47

Species defined by their ability to interbreed and produce offspring Can interbreed=same species Can't=different species

Question 48

Sometimes hybrids are fertile

Answer 48

Especially in plants

Question 49

Morphological species concept

Answer 49

``` PROS Easy to use Only option for fossils CONS Convergent evolution Cryptic species Phenotypic plasticity ```

Question 50

Biological species concept

Answer 50

``` PROS Highly intuitive Directly relates to gene flow CONS Clearly distant species that can still interbreed Useless for asexual organisms ```

Question 51

Genealogical species concept

Answer 51

Defines species based on evolutionary relationships | A species is a unique and distinct evolutionary lineage

Question 52

Genealogical species concept

Answer 52

PROS Based on evolutionary relationships and DNA CONS Hardest to use, (time and money) Still have to subjectively decide species vs. variety within species

Question 53

Reproductive isolation

Answer 53

Barriers to gene flow between populations promote speciation | Reproductive isolation is critical to speciation, regardless of the species concept used

Question 54

Pre-mating barriers

Answer 54

Temporal, behavioral, geographic

Question 55

Pattern of selection that drives speciation?

Answer 55

Diversifying selection