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Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

True or False: Lactose intolerance is a condition that occurs if the body doesn’t produce enough lactase to break down lactose in the stomach.

A

False (Not the stomach; the intestines)

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2
Q

Based on what we’ve covered in lecture, which type of macromolecule would you expect ATP Synthase to be primarily composed of?

A

Proteins (Enzymes are proteins)

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3
Q

Koalas feed feces to their young to transmit bacteria that aid in digestion. Which type of macromolecule in particular are the bacteria helping to digest?

A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

Pancreatic Lipase is an important enzyme in digestion. Which organelle is the primary site for synthesis of the same class of macromolecules that Pancreatic Lipase breaks down?

A

Smooth ER

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5
Q

Which of the following is both a requirement (input) and a product (output) of the aerobic cellular respiration process?

A

NADH

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6
Q

Why isn’t bile needed for the digestion of carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates are hydrophillic

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7
Q

Where would you expect to find sex chromosomes?

A

Both somatic cells and gametes

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8
Q

Where would you expect to find autosomal chromosomes?

A

Both somatic cells and gametes

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9
Q

How many times does DNA replicate in completing the full process of meiotic cell division?

A

1

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10
Q

How many times does DNA replicate in completing the full process of mitotic cell division?

A

1

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11
Q

In which of the following are the two genes (shown by black bars) most likely to be linked?

A

A (Chromosomes with genes on ONE chromatid and near each other)

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12
Q

Which of the following is most likely to represent a synonymous mutation to the following DNA sequence: AGG

A

D. AGA

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13
Q

True or false: If the two most closely related species on a phylogeny tend to co-occur, and occupy the same habitat, then speciation between them wasn’t allopatric.

A

False

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14
Q

True or false: Evolution is a process in which individuals evolve to gain higher fitness

A

False; population level, not individual

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15
Q

In which of the following interactions is coevolution least likely to occur?

A

Plant-pollinator because it’s mutually beneficial

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16
Q

True or false: Photosynthesis is a process in which plants create energy

A

False; uses energy to create glucose

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17
Q

Which of the following is both an input and a product during the photosynthetic process?

A

NADPH

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18
Q

Although individual trees can’t move, tree populations can migrate, if their seeds are dispersed to a new area. Based on the US Forest Service’s research in 1999-2008, are tree species in the eastern U.S. migrating in sync with climate change?

A

No

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19
Q

Biome:

A

A broad ecological community defined by vegetation type

Ex) Deserts, rainforests, grasslands

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20
Q

Biomes are determined by:

A

Climate: Temperature and precipitation

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21
Q

Duluth is:

A

“Boreal” aka “Coniferous” forest

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22
Q

Minnesota has four biomes:

A

Clockwise: Coniferous forest, deciduous forest, prairie grassland, tall grass aspen parkland

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23
Q

Coniferous forest

A

Ex) Balsam fir, pine trees, cones

Moose found here (like BWCA)

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24
Q

Deciduous forest

A

Ex) Maple trees, maple syrup, oak trees, leaves

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25
Prairie
Compass plant, badger,
26
Tall grass aspen parkland
Basically a savannah Deciduous tress in the fields Ex) Aspen with sandhill crane
27
Prairies require fire:
Trees dominate without it
28
Prescribed fires
Controlled, low temperature fire
29
Without fire:
Grassland/savannah-->dry forest=huge, devestating fire
30
The scientific concept of biomes came from:
Alexander von Humboldt
31
Humboldt's influence:
11 species, an ocean current, 4 universities, Humboldt, MN
32
Food webs:
Flow of energy within a biome | Illustrate complexity of energy flow
33
Energy flow through trophic levels
0.1% Apex predator 1% Consumers 10% Producers 100% Sun
34
The other 90%?
Lost as heat and incomplete digestion
35
Biomagnification:
Increase of toxin concentration up the trophic levels
36
How?
Producers absorb toxins, eaten by consumers and apex predators eat consumers
37
Biologists studied DDT (1944) warned it was highly toxic
Approved for use as a pesticide anyway (1945) Banned in the USA (1972) Ex) Thin eggshells
38
High biomagnification in the arctic
Pollutants collect in the arctic from distance sources | Intuit PCB concentration in 33 times higher than people in Southern Quebec
39
Biomagnification in Lake Superior
10% of newborn babies in Lake Superior basin have higher mercury levels higher than EPA standards
40
Population biology:
Growth, decline, interactions, and other aspects of populations
41
Survivorship curves reveal life history strategies
Most offspring die young=R strategists (small bodies) | Most offspring die old=K strategists (big bodies)
42
Ultimate R strategists: Mayflies
Lay up to 10,000 eggs Adults live one day, mate, and die Some adults have vestigial mouth parts
43
Population growth curve
Exponential growth phase | Equilibrium phase
44
Carrying capacity
The maximum population that an environment can support for a particular species Boom and bust cycle around carrying capacity
45
Both R and K strategists boom and bust;
but oscillations are bigger in R strategist
46
R strategists reaches carrying capacity
sooner
47
Carrying capacity is labeled
K
48
K strategists
stay close to K
49
R strategists
oscillate farther from K (due to high productive rate)
50
Density dependent factors:
factors that limit population growth and become stronger in proportion to density Predation risk Limited food Disease spread
51
Isle Royale is famous in population biology:
``` Only one wolf left Population can't grow Reach Isle Royale through ice bridge 1600 moose Released from density dependent factor of predation ```
52
Deer prefer
Maple | Canada Yew is highly preferred by deer but uncommon
53
Deer are responsible for
40% of the change
54
Density dependent factor for humans
Food
55
Population expected to reach
9 billion by 2050 (7.4 billion today)
56
To feed the growing population, food production must increase by
70% over the next 30 years
57
Several of the earliest domesticated species are still important today
Wheat, lentils, cattle
58
Multiple origins of some domesticated crops
Barley in the Middle east and Tibet
59
Most crops are
``` Annual plants (Annual=one growing season) Ex) Corn ```
60
Fewer crops are
``` Perennial plants (Many years, about one crop per year) Ex) Raspberries ```
61
Annuals:
Mature quickly, plant every year
62
Perennials
Mature slowly, plant once and maintain
63
Monoculture
Only one species planted | Highly efficient
64
Polyculture
Several species planted together | Minimizes pest risk
65
Agroforestry
Polyculture that incorporates trees | As many as 25 crop species in one plot
66
Problems in agriculture
Water loss-needed to irrigate, being used faster than it's being replaced
67
Problems in agriculture
Soil loss-intense agriculture erodes soil, high winds blow topsoil away Ex) Dustbowl of the 1930s
68
Problems in agriculture
Loss of biodiversity-Pesticides, habitat destruction, relies on pollinators (bees), corn is wind pollinated, and doesn't offer nectar, flowering only lasts 2-3 weeks in almond trees
69
Many bees are active
for several months
70
Pollinators shipped in because
there aren't enough bees
71
Apples and pears are
hand pollinated by people in Sichuan, China
72
Honeybees
Aren't native to the Americas
73
20,000 bee species
in the world
74
~400 bee species
in Minnesota
75
Deseritfication
More dry, arid land
76
The process of desertification of the land,
usually driven by human activity
77
Deforestation
Exposed soil dries out quickly Dry soil doesn't absorb rain water and erodes Trees struggle to grow in eroded areas Reforestation prevents this
78
Overgrazing of cattle
Cattle eat vegetation, leaving bare land and compacted soil
79
Dams
Power about 1.3 million people
80
Flood water contains nutrient rich sediment
Goes into flood plain
81
Floodplain agriculture is important in human history
Omo River in Ethiopia
82
Dams
Disrupt floodplain ecosystems
83
Upstream reservoir
Floodplain permanently underwater No agriculture possible Sediment collects, bad for fish Also clogs dam
84
Downstream reservoir
Not as much nutrient rich sediment | No sediment is bad for fish
85
Dams disrupt aquatic migration
Fish wants to go upstream to reproduce but can't | Coaster book trout reproduction threatened
86
Fish ladders
Structures built into dams that allow fish to migrate upstream
87
Dam affect indigenous ways of life
Klamath people
88
Dams flood sacred sites, force people to move
Waboose dam-cemeteries now underwater
89
Dams destroy beautiful natural features
Sete quedas (waterfall)
90
Dams linked to earthquakes
Pressure added to fault lines; at least 100 earthquakes associated with dams
91
Early Roman dams:
Used for water storage
92
Hohokam people (1-1450 AD in Southern Arizona)
Built intensive canal systems for irrigation (agriculture including corn, beans, cotton)
93
80 million gallons of water used daily
At golf course in Maricopa, Arizona
94
Beaver dams
Deep water upstream of dam provides protection from predators
95
Same as regular dams transforming habitat
Although not as extreme
96
However,
Beaver dams don't inhibit fish like human dams
97
Eucalyptus trees promote fire
Contain highly flammable oil=fire (like paper birch bark)
98
Trees survive fire, but resprout
Seeds released after fires and are invasive species in many parts of the world because they survive fires so well
99
Threats to species
1. Habitat destruction 2. Habitat fragmentation 3. Invasive species
100
Habitat destruction:
Logging, mines, residential, farms
101
How much tall grass prairie remains in the US?
About 1%
102
Mead's Milkweed
Occurs in prairies; federally endangered, smells like cloves
103
Who has the highest rate of deforestation in the world?
Indonesia
104
Because of this:
Orangutans are endangered; only found on two islands in Indonesia Rainforests converted to Palm Oil plantations (not very diverse, like corn in US)
105
Orangutans:
"People of the forest" orang=person hutan=forest
106
Habitat fragmentation:
Areas of habitat Are not equal to a continuous habitat of the same total area Smaller population sizes, less genetic diversity
107
Small populations are vulnerable to extinction
Might not enter exponential growth phase Inbreeding, low genetic diversity Random events, reducing numbers
108
Many species require a minimum area to survive
Large species need large habitats (Bison have the Konza prairie in Kansas)
109
Invasive species
Kudzu: plant from Asia
110
Invasion and extinction through hybridization
Favored over both parent plants
111
Old growth forests
Often carry the same species as younger forests but are structurally different (higher DBH, more decomposing logs; providing homes for organisms)
112
Most of our deciduous trees were logged 100 years ago
Except the "Lost 40" in Itasca County
113
Conservation of processes:
Migration | River flooding
114
Biomes
Cross state and national borders
115
Sonoran desert
Animals want to cross (national) borders but can't
116
Breeding endangered species in captivity and reintroducing them to the wild
Whooping Cranes imprint on what they first see when they hatch Biologists wear whooping crane costumes so they don't imprint on humans Young whooping cranes follow "mom" for migration Raptor education group in Antigo, Wisconsin

Biology & Society (3 decks)

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