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Biology 142 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Key stages of 1st few rounds of cell division

A
  1. Fertilized egg
  2. Four-stage cell
  3. Early Blastula
  4. Later Blastula
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2
Q

Fertilized egg

A
  • Before 1st clevage division

- Surrounded by fertilization envelope

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3
Q

Four-stage cell

A

-After 2 clevage divisions

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4
Q

Early Blastula

A
  • Embryo= multicellular ball
  • Surrounded by Fert. envelope
  • Blastoceol begun to form at center
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5
Q

Later Blastula

A
  • Single layer of cells surrond blastocoel (fluid-filled cavity)
  • Fert. envelope still present
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6
Q

Gastrulation

A
  • A set of cells at or near surface of blastula moves to an interior location
  • Cell layers are established
  • Primitive digestive system formed
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7
Q

Steps of Gastrulation

A
  1. Single sheet of cells cover surface of blastula
  2. Group of cells buckle into blastoceol, forming shallow depression
  3. Continued invagination forms archenteron
  4. Open end of achenteron formed= blastopore
  5. Tip of archenteron reaches embryo surface–> complete formation of gut of embryo= gastrula
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8
Q

Diploblasts

A
  • Gastrulation forms the two germ layers of the ectoderm and endoderm (one opening for mouth and anus)
  • Blastopore becomes open end of gastovascular cavity
  • Not monophyletic
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9
Q

Protostomes

A
  • Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
  • Mouth forms from blastopore
  • Anus forms when antercheron joins w/ other side
  • Not monophyletic
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10
Q

Deuterostomes

A
  • Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
  • Mouth forms opposite of blastopore (anus)
  • Monophyletic
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11
Q

Fate Map

A
  • Diagrams showing the structures arising from each region of an embryo
  • Branch separation= cell division
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12
Q

Determination

A
  • The progressive restricition of developmental potential in which the possible fate of each cell becomes more limited as the embryo develops
  • Uses cytoplasmic determinants and Induction
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13
Q

Differentiation

A

-The process by which a cell or group of cell become specialized in structure and function

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14
Q

Cytoplasmic determinations

A
  • Molecules inside cytoplasm of a cell
  • Determine what cell will become
  • Uses transcription factors
  • Ex: P granules induce dtermination by migrating to one side of cell (active process_
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15
Q

Induction

A
  • Cell signalling process
  • Surrouning cells tell other cells what to become
  • Influences determination
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16
Q

Hox Genes

A
  • Shared homobox, 180 basepair region that is highly conserved
  • Evidence of common descent= basepair is conserved, found in all species in variation
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17
Q

Etiolation

A
  • Plant moropholical adaptations for growing in darkness
  • Shoot response using signal transduction
  • Ex: potatoes left in dark drawer
  • Stem characteristics= White (no chlorophyll for photosynthesis), thick, extremely reduced leaves
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18
Q

De-etiolation

A
  • The changes a plant shoot undergoes in response to sunlight (greening)
  • Light is transduced into response of greening
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19
Q

Signal Transduction in De-etiolation

A
  1. Photochrome activated by light
    * **A) cGmp= second messenger, activates protein kinase 1
    * **B)Ca+ channel opens, activates protein kinase 2
  2. Transcription factor 1 (a) or 2 (b) is transcribed in nucleus (expression of genes for proteins that fxn in de-etiolation response)
  3. Translation–> de-etiolation (greening) response proteins
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20
Q

Tropism

A

-Movement towards a stimulus (+) or away from stimulus (-)

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21
Q

Phototropism

A
  • The growth of a shoot towards light (positive) or away from light (negative)
  • Adaptive bcuz difficult to reach light in crowded or shaddy environments
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22
Q

Thigmotropism

A
  • Movement towards or away from touch
  • Ex: venus fly trap
  • Adaptive bcuz helpful when avoiding herbavores or sensing food
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23
Q

Gravitropism

A
  • Statoliths sink to bottom of shoots in response to gravity

- Adaptive bcuz plant knows which way is up and down, knows which direction to grow in

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24
Q

Dendrites

A

-Highly branched extensions that recieve signals from other neurons

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25
Cell body
-Neuron's organelles, including nucleus, connects dentrites to axon
26
Axon
-Long branch off of cell body, transmits signals to other cells
27
Synapse
- The branched ends of an axon - Transmit info to another cell at junction - Use neurotransmitters to pass info to recieving cell
28
Membrane Potential
- Charge difference, or voltage, across the plasma membrane - Positive Outside, Negative Inside (PONI) - Changed by sodium potassium pump, sodium channel, and potassium channel
29
Hyperpolarization
- Increase in magnitude of membrane potential (away from 0 mV) - Inside of membrane is more negative - Open potassium channel, K+ moves outside
30
Depolarization
- Reduction in magnitude of membrane potential (towards 0 mV) - Inside= more positive - Open sodium channel, sodium moves inside
31
Resting State
Step 1 - Gated Na and K channels are closed - Ungated channels maintain resting potential (PONI)
32
Depolarization Step
Step 2 - A stimulus opens some Na channels - Na inflow through channels depolarize membrane - If reaches threshold, triggers action potentional
33
Rising Phase of Action Potential
Step 3 - Depolarization opens most sodium channels - Potassium channels= closed - Na influx makes inside + with respect to outside
34
Falling Phase of Action Potential
Step 4 - Na channels inactivated by inactivation loop, blocks Na inflow - Potassium channels open, permitting K outflow (inside neg again)
35
Undershoot
Step 5 - The sodium channels close - Potassium channels still open - When potassium channels close, sodium channels unblock (still closed) - Membrane returns to resting state
36
Myelin Sheath
- The electrical insulation that surrounds vertebrate axons | - Produced by Schwann cells
37
Nodes of Ranvier
- Gaps in the myelin sheath - Where voltage-gated sodium channels are restricted - Signals jump from one to another
38
Myelin Sheath, Nodes of Ranvier and Conduction
- Allows for rapid saltatory conduction | - Action potential jumps from node to node bcuz cannot go through myelin sheath
39
Na+ in, K+ out
- Depolarizes (inside less neg, outside more +) | - Excites
40
Cl- in, K+ out
- Hyperpolarize (inside more neg, outside more +) | - Inhibits
41
Central NS
- The portion of the NS where signal integration occurs | - In vertebrate animals, brain and spinal chord
42
Peripheral NS
-The sensory and motor neurons that connect to CNS
43
Nerves
-A fiber composed primarily of the bundled axons of neurons
44
Brain
-Organ of the central nervous system where info is processed and integrated
45
Ganglion
-A cluster (functional group) of nerve cell bodies
46
Sympathtic NS
- Norepinephrine - Pathway exits CNS midway along spinal cord through ganglia - Bypasses CNS (reflex) - Fight or flight responses
47
Parasympatheic NS
- Acetylcholine - Nerves exit CNS at base of brain or spinal cord - Rest and digest
48
Forebrain
- Cognition, decision making, learning, regulation of sleep, processing olfaction - Parts: Cerebrum (cerebral cortex, basal nuclei), diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
49
Midbrain
- Sorting PNS signals and routing sensory input | - Parts: midbrain (part of brainstem)
50
Hindbrain
- Controls involuntary activities (blood circulation), coordinates motor activities (locomotion) - Parts: pons (part of brainstem), cerebellum, medulla oblongata
51
Cerebellum
- Fxn: Coordinates movement and balance - Helps in learning and remembering motor skills - Location: Hindbrain
52
1 Year
- The Earth takes one full orbit around the sun | - Not a perfect circle, so the earth get less intensity of the sun than during the year
53
1 Day
- Earth rotates on its axes (23.5 degrees tilt) - Because of the tilt, some parts of the Earth recieve more sunlight than other - Each hemisphere spends half the year getting more sun than the other
54
Savanna
- Latitude: Near equator, between Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer - Altitude: Varies from sea-level to 2,000 m - Winds: seasonal, summer winds are SE, winter winds NE, wind stronger in winter( dry winds from North) - Seasons= dry season of 8-9 months - Ex: Africa
55
Temperate Broadleaf Forest
- Sun blocked by by heavy tree cover - Lat: mid-lat northern hemisphere - Wind: Strong winds knock down trees (decomp and disease) - Water: community occurs near body of water, emphasizes different seasons - Ex: Eastern US, Canada
56
Competition
(-/-) interaction that occurs when individuals of diff species compete for a resource that limits the survival and reproduction of each species -Ex: two animals have same food source
57
Amensalism
(-/0) interaction between two organisms in which one is inhibited or destroyed and another is unaffected -Ex: One animal eats all the food source of another animal, yet has other food to choose from
58
Antagonism
(-/+) interaction where one organism is benefitted, while the other is inhibited or destroyed -Predation, parasite/host interactions, herbivory
59
Commensalism
(+/0) interaction btwn species that benefits one but neither harms nor helps the other -Ex: clownfish get protection/ home from anemone
60
Mutualism
(+/+) interaction that benefits both species | -Ex: bird cleaning parasites off of animal
61
Niche
- The specific set of biotic and abiotic resources that an organism uses in its environment - Where it lives, what it consumes (food, space, light) - Two organisms cannot coexist if niches are identical
62
Fundamental niche
-The largest niche that an organism could theoretically occupy
63
Realized niche
-Subset of fundamental niche that an organism actually occupies under a particular set of circumstances
64
Character displacement
-An evolutionary response to a shifted realized niche, resulting in a change of the underlying fundamental niche
65
Species diversity
-The variety of different kinds of organisms that make up a community
66
Species richness
- The number of different species in a community - Ex: frog, duck, bunny, lamb = 4 - Challenge bcuz doesn't take into account abundance - Can over look species if not careful
67
Shannon Diversity Index
- Takes into account species richness and abundance when calculating diversity * H=-E(pi*lnpi) - pi= (amount of 1 species)/ total # of species - Ex: total= 20, 5 worms 5/20= .25= pi
68
Latitudinal Diversity Gradient
-Diversity increases as you aproach the equator Why? -Higher speciation rates **More light and energy= faster reproduction, more mutations **Species interactions less abiotic (environment), more biotic (each other) -Lower extinction rates bcuz stable environemnt
69
Island Biography Theory
- On a smaller geographic scale, two basic variables can help explain differences in diversity between communities in same habitat type - Variables= size of geographic area, distance from mainland * Larger area means migrants more likly to find it
70
Size of Geographic area
- Bigger= increased diversity * *Reduced competition * *Diversity spacially in resources * *More niches= lower extinction rate
71
Distance from Mainland of Similar Habitat
-Lower migration if further from mainland, diversty decreases
72
Trophic Level
- The positin an organism occupies in a food chain | - Ex: secondary consumer, primary consumer, primary producer
73
Secondary Consumer
-A carnivore that eats herbivores
74
Primary Consumer
- An herbivore | - Organisms that eats plants or other autotrophs
75
Primary Producer
- Autotroph - Photosynthetic - Make up the trophic level of an ecosystem that ultimately supports all other levels
76
MADS-box ABC model
- Sepal (green leaf, covers bud)= A activated, 1st - Petal (showy)= A+ B activated, 2nd - Stamens (male pollen)= B+C activated, 3rd - Carpel (female ovules= C activated, 4th * If one gene (A,B, or C) fails, you don't see certain parts
77
Primary Succession
- A type of ecological sucession - occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms present and soil has not formed - Ex: Volcanic erruption
78
Secondary Succession
- A type of ecological sucession - Exisiting community has been cleared by a disturbance that leaves soil or substrate intact - Ex: Fire, flood, elephants
79
Pioneer stage
-1st community to establish from nothing
80
Climax stage
-Community that remains unchange w/o disturbances
81
Exponential growth
``` -Population that experiences such ideal conditions that it increases in size by a constant proportion at each instant in time Nt=N0e^rt Nt= current population size N0= initial pop size r= intrinsic pop growth rate t= time ```
82
Logisitic growth
-The per capita rate of population growth as it approaches 0 as population size nears carrying capacity (k) Nt=N0e^rt *(K-N/K) N= population
83
Carrying Capacity
- The maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain - Ecological factors that prevent indefinite growth: 1. Competition 2. Predation 3. Disease
84
Time lags in population growth
-Most species do not reproduce instantaneously **Eggs take time to hatch **Reach reproductive maturity Nt=N0e^rt(K-Nt-T0/K) Nt-T= time lag
85
R-selected species
- High intrinsic reproductive rates - Poor competitors - Do not invest in offspring - Ex: sea turtles
86
K-selected species
- Reproduce slowly - Good competitors - Large investment in offspring - Ex: humans
87
Density dependent controls of population size
- Competition - Territorality - Toxic waste - Intrinsic factors
88
Density independent controls of population size
- Stochastic events: treefalls, storms, mudslides - Abiotic factors: temperature, moisture - Interspecific interactions
89
Reasons for exponential growth in human population size
- Better healthcare--> decreased death rate | - Resource availability --> decreased competition
90
Consequences for human population growth
- Increased intraspecific competition | - Dividing finite resources among more people
91
Main carbon reservoirs
- Living things and soil - Atmosphere - Rocks and fossil fuels - Ocean
92
Key mechanisms of moving carbon btwn reserviors
- Respiration (living things and soil--> atmosphere) - Photosynthesis (atmosphere-->living things and soil) - Weathering (rocks and fossil fuels--> atmosphere and ocean) - Burning fossil fuels (rocks and fossil fuels--> atmosphere) - Biological pump (ocean--> rocks and fossil fuels) - Acid rain (atmosphere-->ocean) - Mixing of air and water at ocean surface (ocean--> atmosphere)
93
Keeling Curve
- Positive relationship between time passing and atmospheric carbon in ppm - Annual fluxuation (decreased during high photosynthesis and vice versa) - Non-linear slope (accelerating)
94
Trend of atmospheric CO2 concentration
-CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has increased exponentially in the last 800,000 years
95
Ways scientists can estimate CO2 levels in the atmosphere
- Direct measurement from atmosphere | - Bubbles in ice core
96
How do CO2 levels affect the climate
-As CO2 concentration increases, temp increases (and vice versa)
97
Negative feedback loop involved in climate change
- Photosynthesis/ greening | - Increase atmospheric CO2--> increased photo--> decreased CO2
98
Positive Feedback loop involved in climate change
- Water vapor | - Increased temp--> increased evaporation--> more H2O vapor in atmosphere
99
Coral bleeching (ecological response to climate change)
- Photosynthetic microorganisms die (too hot from increased CO2) - Leads to coral bleeching - Spreads to other coral because they rely on each other
100
Extinction of polar bears and emperor penguins (ecological response to climate change)
-Ice melting due to increased temp from increased CO2, loss of habitat, species die
101
Ocean Acidification (ecological response to climate change)
- Increased CO2 absorbed into oceans - As CO2 increased, temp increased, absorbtion decreased - Ocean becomes more acidic, sensitive species like shellfish die

Biology 142 (5 decks)

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