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Psyc 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Intelligence

A

The global capacity of a person to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with their environment.

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2
Q

Mental Age

A

The average mental ability displayed by people of a given age.

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3
Q

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A

A measurement derived by dividing an individual’s mental by their chronological age, then multiplying by 100.

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4
Q

Intellectual Extremes

A

Low End - Intellectual Disability

High End - Giftedness

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5
Q

Stanford-Binet Test

A

A test developed by Lewis Terman who revised binet’s scale and adapted questions to American students.

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6
Q

Who invented the original IQ test and why?

A

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, for measuring children’s intellectual skills for early 20th century French schools.

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7
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

A

An intelligence test developed by David Wechsler in the 1930s with subtests grouped by aptitude rather than age level.

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8
Q

Main Areas of the WAIS

A
  1. Verbal Comprehension
  2. Perceptual Reasoning
  3. Working Memory
  4. Cognitive Processing Speed
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9
Q

Steps for developing Intelligence tests

A
  1. Developing Test Items
  2. Evaluating the Test Items
  3. Standardizing the Test
  4. Establishing Norms
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10
Q

Developing Test Items

A

Start with a large pool of potential test items.

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11
Q

Evaluating the Test Items

A

Separate effective test items from those that are ineffective or misleading.

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12
Q

Standardizing the Test

A

Ensuring consistent administration across all samples and populations to obtain accurate data.

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13
Q

Establishing Norms

A

Should be a bell-shaped curve when represented on a graph.

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14
Q

Reliability

A

The dependable consistency of a test over time, or the consistency in responses among similar items on the same assessment.

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15
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Method for evaluating test reliability by giving a subject the same test more than once.

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16
Q

Alternate-forms reliability

A

Method of assessing test reliability in which subject take two different forms of a test that are very similar in content and level of difficulty.

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17
Q

Validity

A

The ability of a test to measure accurately what it is supposed to measure.

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18
Q

Criterion-related validity

A

Comparing people’s test scores with their scores on other measures already known to be good indicators of the skill or trait being assessed.

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19
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Comparing test performance to other criteria that are currently available.

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20
Q

Predictive validity

A

Deterimining the accuracy with which tests predict performance in some future situation.

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21
Q

Aptitude Tests

A

Tests designed to predict an individual’s ability to learn new information or skills.

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22
Q

Achievement Tests

A

Tests designed to measure an individual’s learning (not the ability to learn new information).

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23
Q

Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence

A

G-factor (General Intelligence) and S-factor (Specific Abilities)

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24
Q

R. Cattell’s Theory of Intelligence

A

G-factor was split into Fluid intelligence (ability to solve problems without past experience) and Crystallized intelligence (ability to acquire and apply knowledge)

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25
L.L. Thurstone's Theory of Intelligence
There are seven attributes that make up intelligence: Verbal comprehension, Numerical ability, Spatial relations, Perceptual speed, Word fluency, Memory, Inductive reasoning
26
J.P. Guilford's Structure of Intellect Theory
Intelligence is comprised of 5 kinds of mental operations, 5 kinds of contents, and 6 kinds of products. 150 kinds of intelligence in total.
27
Steinberg's Theory of Intelligence
People go through six steps when solving intelligence test problems: Encoding, Inferring, Mapping, Application, Justification, Response
28
Analytic Intelligence
Involves mastering a sequence of components or steps in the process of solving complex verbal, mathematical, or spatial reasoning problems.
29
Creative Intelligence
The ability to combine experiences in insightful ways that lead to novel or creative solutions to complex problems.
30
Practical Intelligence
Shown in people who seem to be "street smart" and have skills to accomplish a variety of tasks.
31
Personality
Distinctive patterns of behavior, emotions, and thoughts that characterize an individual's adaptations to his or her life.
32
Cattell's 16 personality factores (Theory)
A theory that defines personality by 16 primary source traits, each of which has a polar opposite.
33
Surface Traits
Dimensions or traits that are usually obvious and visible and that tend to be grouped in clusters that are related to source traits.
34
Source Traits
Basic underlying traits that are the center or core of an individual's personality.
35
Hans and Sybil Eyseneck's Three Personality Factors
Extraversion vs Introversion, High vs Low Neuroticism, High vs Low Psychoticism
36
Five Factor Model of Personality
OCEAN: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
37
Anxiety
Free-floating fear or apprehension that may occur with or without an easily identifiable source.
38
Defense mechanism
An unconscious maneuver that shields the ego from anxiety by denying or distorting reality.
39
Repression
The defense mechanism where ideas, feelings, or memories that are too painful to deal with on a conscious level are banished to the unconscious.
40
Rationalization
Individual substitutes self-justifying excuses or explanations for the real reasons for behaviors.
41
Sublimation
When impulse-driven behaviors are channeled toward producing a socially valued accomplishment.
42
Regression
An individual attempts to cope with an anxiety-producing situation by retreating to an earlier stage of development.
43
Reaction formation
The ego unconsciously replaces unacceptable impulses with their opposites.
44
Projection
An individual reduces anxiety created by unacceptable impulses by attributing those impulses to someone else.
45
Displacement
A person diverts their impulse-driven behavior from a primary target to secondary targets that will arouse less anxiety.
46
Id
The unconscious portion of the mind, contains the basic drives.
47
Ego
Develops out of the id. Balances the demands of id, superego and reality.
48
Superego
Has the task of overseeing the ego and making sure that it acts morally.
49
Psychosexual development
According to Freud, the stages of development in which the focus of sexual gratification shifts from one body site to another.
50
Stages of Development
Oral Stage, Anal Stage, Phallic Stage, Latency Period, Genital Stage
51
Oral Stage
From birth to 12-18 months, during which the lips and mouth are the primary erogenous zone
52
Anal Stage
From 12 months to 3 years, during which the erogenous zone shifts the from the month to the anal area.
53
Phallic Stage
From 3 years to 5 or 6 years, during which the focus of sexual gratification is genital stimulation.
54
Latency Period
From 5 years to Puberty, during which sexual drives remain unrepressed or latent.
55
Genital Stage
Begins during puberty, during which sexual feelings that were dormant during the latency stage reemerge.
56
Oedipus Complex
The attraction a male child feels toward his mother (and jealousy toward his father) during the phallic stage.
57
Electra Complex
Female counterpart to the Oedipus complex.
58
Problems with Freud's Theories
Unable to be tested, defined, small & undiverse sample size, emphasized negative components, emphasized sex, focused on early experiences
59
Personal unconscious
The part of the unconscious akin to Freud's reservoir concept of all repressed thoughts and feelings.
60
Collective unconscious
A universal memory bank that contains all ancestral memories, images, symbols, and ideas that humans have accumulated.
61
Archetypes
Powerful emotionally charged universal images or concepts in Carl Jung's theory of the collective unconscious.
62
Social Perception
The way in which we perceive, evaluate, categorize, form judgments about the qualities of other people.
63
Primacy Effect
Term used to describe the phenomenon that the first information we receive about a person often has the greatest influence on our perception of that person.
64
Implicit Personality Theories
Assumptions people make about how traits usually occur together in other people’s personalities.
65
Central Trait
In Gordon Allport’s trait theory of personality, a major characteristic such as honesty or sensitivity.
66
Halo Effect
Tendency to infer other positive or negative traits from our perception of one central trait in another person.
67
Attribution Theory
Theory that we attempt to make sense out of other people’s behavior by attributing it to either dispositional causes or external causes.
68
Fundamental Attribution Factor
Tendency to overestimate dispositional and to underestimate situational causes of behavior.

Psyc 101 (2 decks)

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