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Biology Lecture > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

How does multicellular organisms begin life?

A

Multicellular organisms begin life as a single cell life

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2
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Doesn’t require sperm and egg

Require in sexual reproduction

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3
Q

Why is cellular reproduction necessary?

A

production of both new cells and new organisms

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4
Q

Cell division

A

parent cell contents divides into two daughter cells

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5
Q

Cell Growth

A

cell duplicates its contents (including DNA and organelles)

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6
Q

Chromation

A

DNA and associated proteins have the appearance of thin threads

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7
Q

DNA

A

periodically wound around histones to form nucleosomes

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8
Q

How many chromosomes does humans have

A

46 Chromosomes

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9
Q

What is sister Chromatids

A

Duplicated chromosomes are composed of sister chromatids joined at the centromere

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10
Q

What does each sister chromatid have

A

Identical DNA

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11
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes are visible under microscope in condensed pairs

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12
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along equatorial plate

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13
Q

Anaphase

A

chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of cells

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14
Q

Telophase and Cytokinesis

A

two distinct cells are visible under the microscope

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15
Q

what happens mitosis begins?

A

DNA is replicated

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16
Q

what does each chromosomes consists of?

A

two sister chromatids attached at a centromere

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17
Q

Mitosis differs in plants and animals

A

Plant- have centrosomes but lacks centrioles

Animals- each centromoses has two centrioles and an sister (array of microtubules)

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18
Q

Cell plate

A

newly formed plasma membrane

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19
Q

G1 check point

A

cell committed to divide after this point

can enter G0 if checkpoint not passed

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20
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

Verifies that DNA replicated

DNA damage repaired

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21
Q

Mitotic stage checkpoint

A

Between metaphase and anaphase

all chromosomes must be attached to spindle to pass

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22
Q

Signal

A

a molecule that stimulates or inhibits an events

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23
Q

External signals

A

comes from outside the cell

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24
Q

internal signals

A

come from inside the cell

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25
Kinases
removes a phosphate from ATP and add it to other molecules
26
Cyclins
internal signals present only during certain stages of the cell cycle
27
Epidermal growth factor
(EGF) stimulates skin near an injury to finish cell cycle and repair injury
28
Hormone estrogen
stimulates lining of the uterus to divide and prepare for egg implantation
29
Contact inhibition
cells stop dividing when they touch
30
Proto-oncogenes
code for proteins that promote the cell cycle and inhibits apoptosis. They are often likened to the gas pedal of a car because they accelerate the cell cycle
31
Tumor suppressor genes
code for proteins that inhibits the cell and promote apoptosis
32
Carcinogenesis
development of cancer
33
Benign
contained within a capsule
34
Malignant
invasion and may spread
35
Two major functions of meiosis
reducing chromosome number | shuffling chromosomes in the cell to produce genetically different gametes
36
Homologous chromosomes
members of a pair of chromosomes have the same size, shape, and construction contain the same genes for the same traits
37
Alleles
alternate forms of a gene
38
Msiosis I
homologous pairs line up during synapsis resulting in tetrad | homologous chromosomess of each pair then separate
39
Meiosis II
No duplication chromosomes chromosomes are dyads- composed of two sisters chromatids sister chromatids are separated two daughter nuclei separate
40
tetrad
consists of two chromosomes, with each chromosome containing two chromatids, for a total of 4 chromatids
41
Meiosis
two consecutive nuclear divisions; mitosis- only one nuclear divisions
42
What occurs prophase I of meiosis
synapsis
43
What happens during metaphase I
tetrad align at the spindle equator, with homologous chromosomes facing opposite spindle pole and paired chromosomes have a total of four chromatids each
44
What does not happen in anaphase I
sister chromatids do not separate
45
Trisomy
three copies of a chromosomes
46
Monosomy
single copy of a chromosome
47
Turner syndrome
absence of second sex chromosomes | female
48
Klinefelter syndrome
extra X inactivated as Barr body | Male
49
Gregor Mendel
Austrian monk | worked with garden pea plants in 1890s
50
One- trait inheritance
original parents called P generation
51
Punnett square
shows all possible combinations of egg and sperm offspring may inherit
52
testcross
used to determine whether or not an individual with the dominant trait has two dominant factors for a particular trait
53
Alleles
alternative forms of a gene | occurs on homologous chromosomes at a particular location called the gene locus
54
Genotype
alleles the individual receives at fertilization
55
Homozygous
two identical alleles homozygous dominant homozygous recessive
56
Heterozygous
two different alleles
57
Phenotype
physical appereance of the individual | mostly determined by genotype
58
Mendel's First law of inheritance
Law of segregation
59
Law of Segregation
Each individual has two factors for each trait The factors segregate (separate) during the formation of the gametes Each gamete contains only one factor from each pair of factors Fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trait
60
Alleles
Dominant allele masks the expression of the recessive allele For the most part, an individual’s traits are determined by the alleles inherited. Alleles occur on homologous chromosomes at a particular location called the gene locus
61
Mendel's Second Law of Heredity
Law of independent assortment
62
Law of independent assortment
Each pair of factors segregates (assorts) independently of the other pairs. All possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes.
63
Punnett squares assumes
each gamete contains one allele for each trait
64
Pedigree
Chart of a family’s history in regard to a particular genetic trait Males are squares Females are circles Shading represents individuals expressing disorder Horizontal line between circle and square is a union Vertical line down represents children of that union
65
Methemoglobinemia
lack enzyme to convert methemoglobin back to hemoglobin
66
Cystic fibrosis
autosomal recessive disorder Most common lethal genetic disorder among Caucasians in U.S. Chloride ion channel defect causes abnormally thick mucus
67
Polygenic inheritance
Trait is governed by two or more sets of alleles Each dominant allele has a quantitative effect on phenotype and effects are additive Result in continuous variation—bell-shaped curve
68
Multifactorial traits
polygenic traits subject to environmental effects Cleft lip, diabetes, schizophrenia, allergies, cancer Due to combined action of many genes plus environmental influences
69
Pleiotropy
Single genes have more than one effect
70
Gene linkage
two traits on same chromosome
71
Linked alleles stay together
heterozygote forms only two types of gametes, produces offspring only with two phenotypes
72
what is the first stage of Mitosis
Prophase
73
Prophase
chromosomes are visible under microscope in condensed pairs
74
what is the second stage of Mitosis
Metaphase
75
Metaphase
chromosomes line up along equatorial plate (middle)
76
what is the third stage of Mitosis
Anaphase
77
Anaphase
chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of cell (apart)
78
What is the final stage of Mitosis
Telophase
79
Telophase
two distinct cells are visible under the microscopes
80
What is Mitosis usually followed by
cytokinesis
81
How do plant and animal cells differ from each other
Plant- have centrosomes but lack centrioles | Animal- each centrosomes has two centrioles and an aster (array of microtubules)

Biology Lecture (3 decks)

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