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Biology Lecture > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What did Charles Darwin do for 5 years

A

a voyage through Southern Hemisphere

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2
Q

Who founded paleontology

A

Georges Cuvier

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3
Q

What is paleontology

A

the study of fossils

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4
Q

Catastrophism

A

explains appearance of new forms as replacing old forms due to local catastrophe

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5
Q

explains appearance of new forms as replacing old forms due to local catastrophe

A

catastrophism

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6
Q

not supported

A

people who were blinded in an accident would have blind children

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7
Q

people who were blinded in an accident would have blind children

A

not supported

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8
Q

modern genetics

A

pheonotypics changes accquired during the lifetime do not result in genetic changes that can passed to offspring

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9
Q

pheonotypic changes accquired during the lifetime do not result in genetic changes that can passed to offsprings

A

modern genetics

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10
Q

Biogeography

A

study of the distribution of life-forms on earth

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11
Q

study of the distribution of life-forms on earth

A

biogeography

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12
Q

speciation

A

formation of a new species- occured because the isolated population evovled independently of the mainland population

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13
Q

formation of a new species- occured because the isolated population evovled independently of the mainland population

A

speciation

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14
Q

fitness

A

reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of the population

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15
Q

reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of the population

A

fitness

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16
Q

artificial selection

A

humans choose particular traits

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17
Q

humans choose particular traits

A

artificial selection

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18
Q

what is the theory of evolution

A

that all living things have a common ancestor, but each is adapted to a particular way of life

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19
Q

archaeopteryx

A

fossils intermediate between reptiles and birds

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20
Q

adaptations

A

any characteristics that makes an organism more suited to its environment

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21
Q

any characteristics that makes an organisms more suited to its environment

A

adaptations

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22
Q

Vestigial structures

A

anatomial features that are fully developed in one group of organism but reduce and nonfunctional in other similar group.
most birds have well-developed wings; ostriches do not.
whales and snakes have remnants of hip bones and legs.
humans have a tailbone.
Presences explained by common descent hypothesis.

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23
Q

anatomial features that are fully developed in one group of organism but reduce and nonfunctional in other similar group.
most birds have well-developed wings; ostriches do not.
whales and snakes have remnants of hip bones and legs.
humans have a tailbone.
Presences explained by common descent hypothesis.

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A

Vestigial structures

24
Q

Homologous structure

Study These Flashcards
A

anatomically similar structures are explainable by inheritance from a common ancestors.
all vertebrate forelimbs contains the same set of bones organized in similar ways despite dissimilar functions.

25
anatomically similar structures are explainable by inheritance from a common ancestors. all vertebrate forelimbs contains the same set of bones organized in similar ways despite dissimilar functions.
homologous structure
26
analogous structures
structures serve the same function but are not constructed similarly- bird and insect wings
27
Homology
shared by vertebrates extends to their embryological development
28
shared by vertebrates extends to their embryological development
homology
29
what is Cytochrome c
a molecule used in the election transport chain of all organisms
30
a molecule used in the election transport chain of all organisms
Cytochrome c
31
Natural Selection
the process resulting in adaptation of a population to the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonlinving) environments
32
the process resulting in adaptation of a population to the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) environments
Natural Selection
33
Variation
the members of a population differ from one another
34
Inheritance
many of these differences are heritable genetic differences
35
Increased fitness
individual that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to reproduce, and their fertile offspring will make up a greater population of the next generation
36
Stabilizing Selection
- Occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored - extreme phenotypes selected against - individuals near the average favored - most common form of selection b/c the average individual is well adapted to its environment - swiss starlings lay four to five eggs b/c this method has the highest survival rate for their young
37
Directional Selection
- occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored - distribution curve shifts in that direction - can occurs when a population is adapting to a changing environment - industrial melanism - drug resistance in bacteria - pesticide resistance in insects - Malaria: Plasmodium becoming resistant to chloroquine and mosquitoes resistant to DDT - Equus adapting from foret conditions to grassland conditions
38
Disruption Selection
- two or more extreme phenotypes are favored over any intermediate phenotype - British land snails are found in fields and forest - in fields, thrushes eat the snails with dark shell that lack light bands - in forests, thrushes feeds mainly on snails with light-banded shells
39
Maintenance of variations
-populations always shows some genotypic variations - population with limited variation may not be able to adapt to changing environmental conditions -forces promoting variation constantly at work >mutations, recombiination, independent assortment, and fertilization create new combinations >gene flow > natural selection favors certain phenotypes, but other remain
40
expressed
caused phenotypic differences
41
Balanced polymorphism
when natural selection favors the ratio of two or more phenotypes in generation after generation
42
what is malaria caused by
parasite that invades and destroys normal red blood cell
43
Microevolution
small measurable evolutionary changes within a population from generation to generation
44
gene pool
the various alleles at all the gene Ioci in all individuals of a population
45
What does Hardy-Weinberg principles states?
states that an eqilibrium of allele frequencies in a gene pool will remain in equilibrium as long as five conditions are met: - no mutations - no gene flow - random mating - no genetic drift - no selection
46
Genetic Mutations
- ultimate source for allele differences - without mutation there would be no new variations among members of a population for natural selection to act on - adaptive value of mutation depends on current conditions
47
Gene flow
- also called gene migration - movement of alleles among populations by migration of breeding individuals - can increase variation within a population by introducing novel alleles from another population - continued gene flow reduces differences among populations- can prevent speciation
48
Nonrandom mating
-selection of mate according to genotype or phenotype (not chance) -assortative mating- tend to mate with individuals with the same phenotype =>homozygotes increases in frequency -sexual selection- favors characteristics that increase the likelihood of obtaining mates
49
Genetic drift
- refers to change in the allele frequencies of a gene pool due to chance -allele frequencies "drift" over time depending on which members die, survive, reproduce -more likely in small populations -more likely to lose rare alleles -two types: => bottleneck effect => founder effect
50
bottleneck effect
-species suffers a near extinction and only a few survivors go on to produce the next generations =>infertility due to inbreeding
51
Founder effects
- rare alleles occur at a higher frequency in a population - alleles carried by founders are dictated by chance alone - Amish- 1 in 14 carries recessive allele for unusual form of dwarfism compared to 1 in 1000 in most population
52
photosynthesis
transforms solar energy into chemical energy of carbohydrates
53
producers
feed themselves and all of the consumers (most other living organisms on Earth
54
Chloroplast
-double membrane surrounds stroma -third membrane forms thyrakoids =>Grana- stacks - thylakoid space -chlorophyll and other pigments reside within thylakoid membrane -pigments absorb solar energy -carbon dioxide will be reduced in the stroma into carbohydrates -glucose in the chief organic energy source for most organisms
55
light reaction
- occurs in thylakoid membrane - chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and energizes electron - water is oxidized, releasing electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen - ATP produced in electron transport chain
56
Calvin cycle reactions
- occurs in stroma - CO2 taken up - ATP and NADPH used to reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate
57
Photosynthetic pigments
most photosynthesizing cells have chlorophylls and carotenoids

Biology Lecture (3 decks)

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