Exam 3

Question 1

Teleosts

Answer 1

Ray-finned fishes.

Question 2

Non-Guarders

Answer 2

No parental care of eggs/young

No courthship behavior

Breed earlier in life and often

Spawn in large groups with lots of males

Question 3

Types of Non-Guarders

Answer 3

Broadcast Spawners

Pelagic Spawners

Benthic Spawners

Brood Hiders

Question 4

Broadcast Spawner

Answer 4

Scatter eggs in environments

Aggregations

Lots of small eggs with low energy investment

Question 5

Pelagic Spawners

Answer 5

Lay floating eggs in water column that drift away and hatch elsewhere

Question 6

Benthic Spawners

Answer 6

Breed in large aggregates and spawn over gravel, rocks, aquatic plants, and sand.

Eggs sink and stick to bottom.

Multiple males follow single female and fertilize eggs as she releases them.

Question 7

Brood Hider

Answer 7

Hide eggs and gives no care afterward.

Larger, fewer eggs.

Some courtship.

Question 8

Guarders

Answer 8

Protect eggs and/or larvae

Territorial

Courtship

Usually a Nest

Breed Later in life

Question 9

Types of Guarders

Answer 9

Substrate Choosers

Nest Spawners

Bearers

Viviparous

Mouth Brooders

Question 10

Substrate Choosers

Answer 10

Don’t build nest but clear an area of rock, plant, etc. and guard it after spawning.

Question 11

Nest Spawners

Answer 11

Clear and area and builds complex nests

Bubble foam nests in low O2 environments

Cavity nesters bring up to 7,000 individual rocks by mouth

Question 12

Bearers

Answer 12

Carry eggs and/or larvae around with them

Internal (viviparous) or external bearers

Pouch brooeders (seahorses)

Monogamous

Female has penis-like oviduct that she inserts into male marsupium and he fertilizes eggs as they enter

Question 13

Bearer Reproduction

Answer 13

Female has penis-like oviduct that she inserts into males marsupium

He fertilizes eggs as they enter

Question 14

Viviparous Fishes

Answer 14

Female becomes pregnant

Not common

Increased survival of young

Only 2% of teleosts

Question 15

Mouth Brooders

Answer 15

Female lays eggs and carries eggs/young in mouth

Male sprays sperm in mouth to fertilize

Mostly occurs in cichlids

Catfish known to eat eggs before mother takes them and lay eggs in their place so cichlid mother carries them in mouth instead.

Question 16

Cues to Stimulate Reproduction

Answer 16

Mating Dances - e.g. seahorses

Visual Signals - pigment changes only during breeding season. High energy cost shows potential fitness.

Morphological changes - Signals male that female is ready

Vocalizations - sound production

Question 17

When to breed?

Answer 17

Season (water temp and resource availability)

Maturity - gonad development, males breed right away, females wait til they’re larger

Question 18

semelparous

Answer 18

reproduce once (big bang reproduction)

many small eggs

breeding aggregations

Question 19

heroparous

Answer 19

multiple, smaller breeding events

few, large eggs

Question 20

What fish is semelparous and heroparous?

Answer 20

American shad

Question 21

Dioecious

Answer 21

Typical male or female

2 distinct sexes

(sexual dimorphism)

Question 22

Hermaphrodites

Answer 22

Synchronous/Simultaneous hermaphrodites

Function as one sex at a time; alternately inseminate each other during one breeding event

Individual fish with testes and ovaries

Question 23

Sequential Hermaphrodites

Answer 23

1 sex change during life

either male or female at any given point

Question 24

protogyny

Answer 24

change from female to male

female is top of breeding heiarchy

acts as alpha male within 1 to 2 hours

fully develops testes within 2 weeks

Question 25

protandry

Answer 25

change from male to female dominant female and dominant male several smaller males who are psychophysiologically castrated

Question 26

Parthenogenesis

Answer 26

Unisexual species All female Development from diploid female gamete without male fertilization Most require 'breeding' with sneaker males from closely related species Rare cases of virgin reproduction

Question 27

When did the transition from fish to amphibians likely occur?

Answer 27

Devonian Period (age of fishes) through Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Competition for food and space Increased predation risk

Question 28

Terrestrial Environment

Answer 28

Plant life o2 moist/humid no competitors/predators

Question 29

New Pressures on Land

Answer 29

Gravity Different Pressure Solar radiation Thermoregulation

Question 30

Osteolepimorphi (rhipidistians)

Answer 30

Lobe-finned fish (Sarcops) Likely facultative air-breathers Pectoral fins to push self out of water to breathe

Question 31

Pandericthyes

Answer 31

pull selves out of water at edge and pull into water with teeth primarily aquatic, hangs out on edges of water

Question 32

Acanthostega

Answer 32

tail, streamlined webbed feet, skull structure good transitional fossil

Question 33

Ichthyostega

Answer 33

larger bones, ribs, and vertebral column to fight gravity on land

Question 34

Tiktaalik

Answer 34

became missing link between eusthenopteron and ichtyostega 375mya

Question 35

Ventostega curonica

Answer 35

365 mya latvia earliest known true tetrapod based on limb structure, pectoral/pelvic girdles moved around on land

Question 36

Modern Amphibians

Answer 36

Gymnophiona(Apoda) - Caecilians Urodela - Salamanders & Newts Anura - Frogs & Toads

Question 37

Gymnophiona (apoda) [Caecilians]

Answer 37

Burrowing amphibians 100 spp poor vision, excellent chemosensory Eats inverts

Question 38

Oldest Caecilian Fossil

Answer 38

Eocaecilia micropodia Possibly derived from Lepospondyl: microsauria

Question 39

Caecilian Reproduction

Answer 39

Universal internal fertilization Phallodeum inserted into female cloaca Universal maternal care Cutaneous respiration 75% viviparous, 25% oviparous Juveniles scrape outer layer of mothers skin and oviduct cells

Question 40

Urodela [Salamanders & Newts]

Answer 40

Terrestrial and aquatic Predaceous Cutaneous respiration Awuatic larval stage (some skip) 4 digits on limbs Have gills during life cycle Non-amniotic egg (no specialized membranes)

Question 41

Oldest known salamander fossil

Answer 41

Karaurus (late Jurassic)

Question 42

Amphibian Evolution

Answer 42

Move from water to land ~200My NO FOSSILS from end of Devonian into Carboniferous (~40My long period)

Question 43

Stem Amphibians

Answer 43

Lepospondyls Temnospondyl

Question 44

Temnospondyl

Answer 44

Oldest common ancestor to Anura and Urodela Gerobatrachus a.k.a. frogamander

Question 45

Amphibian Skin

Answer 45

respiration, anti-microbial, anti-predation (poison), thermal regulation Ancestral state: derman scales/plating Land selected against scales (body weight, temperature, respiration) Toxins: aposematic coloration (warning)

Question 46

Anura Reproduction | (Frogs & Toads)

Answer 46

Tied to H2O (non-amniotic egg) 2-stage life cycle (larvae in water, terrestrial adults) External fertilization (amplexus) Oviparous Broad range of parental care (no care in some) Increased Parental Care = Reduced Predation Risk Direct development from egg to froglet

Question 47

Oldest known frog

Answer 47

Beelzebufo (late Cretaceous ~70Mya)