Exam 3 Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
A Langerhans cell is a type of _____
A
Macrophage
2
Q
The skin is waterproofed by _____ in the _____
A
- Tight junctions
- Stratum granulosum
3
Q
The keratinocytes of the stratum basale are attached to their basal lamina by _____
A
Hemidesmosomes
4
Q
Vitamin D is made in the _____
A
Stratum basale of the epidermis (also stratum spinosum)
5
Q
Transdermal heat loss is maximized in hot environments by _____
A
Closure of arteriovenous shunts in the dermis
6
Q
Transdermal heat loss is minimized in cold weather by _____
A
Opening of arteriovenous shunts in the dermis
7
Q
Langerhans cells are the _____ of stratified squamous epithelia
A
Antigen-presenting cells
8
Q
Keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum stimulate growth in the stratum basale by secreting _____
A
IGF-1
9
Q
Laminin anchors integrin in a cell membrane to _____ in the lamina densa
A
Collagen IV
10
Q
The basal cells of a stratified squamous epithelium are usually _____
A
Columnar (also cuboidal)
11
Q
The basal cells of a stratified squamous epithelium always make _____
A
A basal lamina
12
Q
In a pseudostratified epithelium, _____ of the cells make contact with the basement membrane
A
All
13
Q
The cell membrane of the cells of the upper strata of the dermis is reinforced by a layer of _____
A
Involucrin
14
Q
If a gland has many acini emptying into a single unbranched duct, the gland is said to be _____
A
Simple
15
Q
Corpuscles of Meissner are _____ receptors
A
Fast adapting touch
16
Q
The basal lamina of the skin is produced by _____
A
Keratinocytes in the stratum basale
17
Q
An adherent junction composed of a strip of glycoproteins holding two cells together along the entire width of their contact area is called a _____
A
Zonulae adherens (or belt desmosome)
18
Q
Human epithelia usually contain _____
A
Antigen-presenting cells (called Langerhan’s cells)
19
Q
The filaments supporting microvilli are composed of _____
A
Actin
20
Q
Corpuscles of Pacini are _____ receptors
A
Fast adapting pressure
21
Q
Epidermal melanocytes are normally stimulated by MSH secreted by
A
Keratinocytes
22
Q
The parotid duct is lined by _____
A
Stratified columnar epithelia
23
Q
Antigen-presenting cells are found in _____
A
Dermis and stratum spinosum
24
Q
Friction and pressure (wear and tear) cause the keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum to secrete _____
A
IGF-1
25
If the ducts of a gland have many branches, the gland is said to be _____
Compound
26
The principal structural material of the lamina a of a basal lamina is _____
Laminin
27
Hyperpyrexia is a syndrome in which _____
Body temperature is elevated and sweating continues
28
The fungicidal properties of sebum are due to the _____ therein
Odd-carbon fatty acids
29
Epidermal melanocytes are normally stimulated by MSH secreted by _____
Keratinocytes
30
Acclimatization of the coiled duct of an eccrine sweat gland requires _____ of profuse sweating
Two weeks
31
The cells of the bulge of the outer root sheath of a hair follicle can become _____
- Keratinocytes
- Sebaceous cells
- More outer root sheath cells
- Hair matrix
32
Human milk contains _____
IgA and lysozyme
33
The coiled duct of an eccrine sweat gland _____
Resorbs salts from the sweat
34
The dark cells of an eccrine sweat gland secrete _____
Mucus and dermicidin
35
Most of the tissue under a nail could be called _____
Nail bed
36
The stability of nail keratin depends on _____
Disulfide bonds
37
Myoepithelial cells are found in _____
Secretory coils of eccrine sweat glands and secretory coils of apocrine glands (also intralobular ducts)
38
Cystic fibrosis patients lose too much _____ in their sweat
Salt
39
The shock-like syndrome in which a patient becomes hypotensive due to loss of salts in sweat is _____
Heat exhaustion
40
Small, colorless hairs are called _____
Vellus hairs
41
Nail keratin contains more _____ than epidermal keratin
Cysteine
42
The mucous blanket covering the tracheal epithelium is moved upward primarily by _____
Cilia
43
The wall of a bronchiole contains _____
Smooth muscle
44
Alveolar surfactant is a secretion of _____
Type II pneumocytes
45
One of the most important natural enemies of the pathogen Clostridium difficile is _____
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
46
The myenteric nerve plexus is located _____
Between the circular and longitudinal muscularis
47
Peyer’s patches are typically found only in the _____
Ileum
48
Secretin causes the pancreas to secrete _____
Bicarbonate
49
Bile is secreted by the _____
Hepatocytes
50
The enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum secrete _____
Cholecystokinin
51
Paneth cells are found in the _____
Epithelium of intestinal crypts
52
The pH of the human stomach contents is usually _____ at the end of gastric digestion
2.5
53
The submucosa of the stomach contains _____
Arteries
54
Enterokinase is produced by the _____
Enterocytes of the duodenum
55
The intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption is secreted by _____
Parietal cells of the stomach
56
All of the neurons in the submucosal plexus are _____
Postganglionic parasympathetic
57
Most of the small arteries of the stomach are located _____
In the submucosa
58
Striated ducts add _____ to the saliva
Ca++
59
The ends of the periodontal ligament are embedded in the _____
Cementum and jaw bone
60
Tyo lymphocytes are programmed to attack _____ antigens
Lipopolysaccharide
61
The epithelium of the jejunum contains _____
Lymphocytes
62
A jejunal villus is ~0.1__ thick and ~1__ long
- mm
| - mm
63
The principal effect of ghrelin is to increase _____
Appetite
64
The myenteric plexus regulates _____
Gastrointestinal motility
65
The only salivary glands that contain no mucous acini are the _____
Parotid glands
66
The lingual tonsils are located _____
Behind the vallate papillae
67
The principal component of the periodontal ligament is _____
Collagen I
68
The tongue is a collection of _____ covered by a thick mucous membrane
Skeletal muscles
69
How far above the gingiva should the cementum of a tooth extend?
Not at all
70
The filiform papillae of the tongue are covered by _____
Keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
71
The principal enzyme in human parotid saliva is an _____
Amylase
72
The processes of the odontoblasts penetrate through the _____ to the _____
Dentine to the enamel
73
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by the _____
Parietal cells
74
Gastric glands contain chief cells only in the _____
Fundus
75
Striated ducts are peculiar to _____
- Parotid glands
- Submandibular salivary glands
- Sublingual salivary glands
(all salivary glands)
76
A serous demilune is attached to a _____
Mucous acinus
77
The most obvious difference between lingual and palatine tonsils is that lingual tonsils _____
Are smaller
78
The pulp of a tooth is made up of _____
Areolar connective tissue
79
The cementum of a tooth has _____ calcium concentration as bone
The same
80
The glomerular capillaries are separated from the podocytes by _____
Only a shared basal lamina
81
Glucose and amino acids are resorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the _____
Proximal convoluted tubule
82
The diameter of a renal corpuscle is around _____
200 um
83
Renin is secreted by the _____
Juxtaglomerular cells
84
The high osmotic pressure in the tissue fluid of the medulla of the kidney is primarily the result of _____
Ion transport by the thick ascending segment of the loop of Henle
85
The type B dark cells of the cortical collecting tubule secrete _____
HCO3-
86
Secretin causes the pancreas to secrete _____
Bicarbonate
87
The intercalated ducts of the pancreas secrete _____
Bicarbonate
88
Bile is secreted by the _____
Hepatocytes
89
Bile salts are synthesized by _____
Hepatocytes
90
A pancreatic centroacinar cell is a _____
Duct cell
91
Secretin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the _____
APUD cells of the duodenum
92
Growth hormones stimulate the release of _____ by the islets of Langerhans
Insulin
93
The central feature of a hepatic acinus is a _____
Perilobular arteriole
94
The centroacinar cells of the pancreas secrete _____
Bicarbonate
95
The acini of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes in response to _____
Cholecystokinin
96
Insulin causes hepatocytes to convert _____
Glucose to glycogen
97
Glucagon causes _____ and _____
- The breakdown of glycogen
| - The release of glucose
98
Hepatocytes get most of their oxygen by way of _____
Hepatic arteriole
99
Hepatocytes get most of their nutrients by way of _____
Portal vein
100
The center of a portal lobule is a _____
Bile ductule
101
The inner layer of smooth muscle in the wall of the ureter is _____
Longitudinal
102
The most numerous cells in the pancreas are _____
Acinar cells
103
The acinar cells of the pancreas secrete _____
Digestive enzymes
104
Most of the vitamin A stored by the body is stored in the _____
Ito cells of the liver
105
Blood from the pancreas drains into the _____
Hepatic portal vein
106
Hepatocytes detoxify blood _____
Via the cytochrome p450 system within the smooth ER
107
The principal role of renin is to _____
Convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
108
Angiotensin increases the _____
Blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate
109
Glomerular capillaries are almost completely surrounded by _____
Podocytes
110
Each kidney contains _____ renal corpuscles
1,000,000
111
The kidney has simple squamous epithelium in the _____ and _____
- Thin segment of loop of Henle
| - Parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule
112
The basal lamina separating the glomerular capillary endothelium from the pedicles of podocytes is _____ thick
300 nm
113
A brush border of numerous long, fragile microvilli characterizes the _____
Proximal convoluted tubule
114
The resorption of glucose by the proximal convoluted tubule depends on symportation with _____
Na+
115
The thick segment of the ascending loop of Henle transports more _____ than anything else into the tissue fluid
Cl-
116
Aldosterone affects sodium resorption only in the _____
Cortical collecting tubule
117
The cells of the macula densa are _____ the other cells of the distal convoluted tubule
Larger than
118
Calcitonin _____
Inhibits resorption by osteoclasts
119
The visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule is composed of _____
Podocytes
120
The resorption of phosphate by the proximal convoluted tubule is inhibited by _____
Parathyroid hormone
121
Sodium ions return from the tissue fluid to the filtrates in the _____
Thick descending loop of Henle
122
The cortex of the kidneys contains _____
Proximal and distal convoluted tubules
123
Among the tubules of the kidney, the only tubule whose cells possess microvilli visible under the light microscope is _____
Proximal convoluted tubule
124
Glomeruli are found in the _____
Cortex
125
The smallest pores in the glomerular filter are _____
Between the electrostatic fields of endothelial cells
126
The brush border of the wall of the proximal convoluted tubule is made up of _____
Microvilli
127
The sinusoids of the liver are lined by _____
Endothelial cells
128
The center of a classical liver lobule is a _____
Centrilobular vein (hepatic venule)
129
A glomerulus is a ball of _____
Capillaries
130
Blood reaches hepatocytes via the _____
Sinusoids
131
The function of desmosomes is to _____
To prevent adjacent cells from being pulled apart
132
An epithelium containing a mixture of tall and short cells, all of which make contact with the basement membrane, is classified as _____
Pseudostratified
133
The principal structural material of a basal lamina is _____
Collagen IV
134
The basal lamina of the epidermis is produced by _____
Keratinocytes in the stratum basale
135
If the ducts of a gland have many branches, the gland is said to be _____
Compound
136
The cells of the surface layer of a transition epithelium are _____ the cells of the basal layer
Larger than
137
A basement membrane is almost always composed of just _____
An epithelium and a reticular layer
138
Pain endings are found _____
Not above the stratum spinosum
139
Vitamin D is made in the _____
Capillaries of the dermis
140
The adhesiveness of desmosomes depends on _____
Ca++
141
The tonofilaments of desmosomes are _____
Cytokeratin
142
The cells of the stratum granulosome become the ______ of the stratum corneum
Squames
143
Langer’s lines are lines parallel to a plurality of the ______ in an area of skin
Collagen bundles
144
Multiplication in the stratum basale is stimulated by IGF-1 secreted in the _____
Stratum granulosum
145
The epidermis usually wears away _____
One squame at a time
146
The epidermis is _____
Stratified squamous epithelium
147
The squames of the upper strata of the epidermis owe their structural integrity to a cell envelope of _____
Cytokeratin
148
Stratified squamous epithelia usually contain _____
Langerhans cells
149
Light skinned people have _____
- Inactive melanocytes > less melanin
| - MSH > stimulation of melanocytes (deficient in light-skinned people)
150
Encapsulated nerve endings in the stratum spinosum of the skin are _____
- Nonexistent
- Found BELOW stratum spinosum
- Free nerve endings are found stratum spinosum and above
151
The blood supply of the epidermis is found in the _____
Dermis
152
The squames of the upper strata of the epidermis owe their structural integrity to a cell envelope of _____
Involucrin
153
Antigen-presenting cells are found in the _____ and _____
- Stratum spinosum
| - Dermis
154
In which layer of the skin do lamellar bodies of phosholipid appear?
Stratum Granulosum
155
The Corpuscles of Meissner are encapsulated nerve endings for _____
- Meisser = touch (used with braille)
- Merkel = discriminating touch
- Pacini = pressure
156
Corpuscles of Pacini are usually found in the _____
Reticular dermis
157
Sebaceous glands are _____
Holocrine
158
A gland whose secretion is its own cells is _____
Holocrine
159
A healthy epithelium is always separated from CT by _____
A basement membrane
160
“Stratum Germinativum” is also termed _____
Stratum basale
161
The cells of the hair follicle that do not become part of the hair and are not shed are the _____
Outer root sheath
162
The cells of the outer root sheath of a hair follicle _____
Remain in place while the hair grows
163
The nail matrix consists of specialized _____ cells
Epidermal
164
The stability of nail keratin depends on _____
- Peptide bonds
| - Disulfide bridges
165
Except for cysteine residues (disulfide bridges), the amino acid chains of nail keratin are held together by _____
Peptide bonds
166
Sebaceous glands develop from the epithelium of _____
A hair follicle
167
The keratin of finger and toe nails contain more _____ than epidermal keratin
Cysteine
168
Hair keratin is notably high in _____
Cysteine
169
The cells of the bulb of the outer root sheath of a hair follicle can become _____
Sebaceous cells
170
The fungicidal properties of sebum are due to the _____ therein
- Odd-carbon fatty acids
| - Forms formic acid with last carbon
171
Vellus hairs are _____ and _____
Small and colorless
172
Hair grows during the ______ phase of the hair cycle
Anagen
173
An arrector pili muscle is a _____ muscle
Smooth
174
A Langerhan's cell is a type of _____
Macrophage
175
Hair keratin (especially in the cortex) contains more _____ than epidermal keratin
Cysteine
176
The principal structural material of the lamina lucida of a basal lamina is _____
Laminin
177
Microvilli are supported by _____
Actin filaments
