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SOC 100 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a social group?

A

two or more people who identify and interact with one another

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2
Q

What is an aggregate?

A

a social group with people in the same place at the same time, but little to no/emotional connections between people.

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3
Q

what is a primary group?

A

the group of people most important to you

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4
Q

What is a secondary group?

A

a group that is created through similar interests, activities, or professions

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5
Q

what is the theory of group conformity?

A

peoples behaviours changed when they’re influenced by a group; peer pressure

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6
Q

who is Solomon Asch?

A

had a famous conformity study in 1958

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7
Q

what is the foot in the door theory?

A

if you want someone to do something elaborate, don’t ask them to do it all at once - get them to do it gradually (get your foot in the door)

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8
Q

John Pryor’s experiment

A

“Trainers”. Led to believe that sexual harassment was condoned 90% took full advantage and engaged in the behaviour when encouraged. Reference groups affect our behaviour, imposing social control.

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9
Q

What is group think?

A

The tendency of groups to conform to a decision

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10
Q

what are the stages of group think?

A

Prior conditions, symptoms of group think, Defective decision making, consequences

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11
Q

what are the prior conditions of group think?

A

tightly knit group of people working under high stress; leader of group is not objective

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12
Q

what are some symptoms of group think?

A

suppression of decent and arrogant attitudes

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13
Q

what is suppression of descent?

A

If you have an opinion other than the group, you’ll get ignored or shot down

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14
Q

What is a reference group?

A

a group that one uses a point of reference when making decisions

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15
Q

who is Samuel Stouffer?

A

Studied group think with WW2 soldiers

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16
Q

Who is Sherry Turkle?

A

Wrote a book about groups and digital communication

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17
Q

David Riesman

A

Wrote the book The Lonely Crowd which argued that conformity was changing proper; ideas inner-directed and other-directed self

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18
Q

inner-directed self

A

Strong beliefs and opinions, purpose

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19
Q

other-directed self

A

look to others for validation and opinions

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20
Q

What did riesman say modern-day society is giving up?

A

the inner-directed self to conform with others; looking towards the other

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21
Q

what is hyper other directness?

A

on-demand validation of feelings and beliefs due to digital age

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22
Q

what is the ideal bureaucracy?

A

Hierarchy
Division of Labour- Specialized departments
Written Rules
Written communication (paper trail)
Technical Skill - hiring based on talent that the company would need

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23
Q

What are some problems with bureaucracies?

A

Red Tape (too many rules hurting efficiency)
Lack of communication
Alienation
A lot of workers (lower on the food chain) not emotionally connected to what they’re doing. There to do as they’re told and work.

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24
Q

What is “Karoshi”?

A

Japanese word for death by overworking

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25
Define deviance
norm violation; anything that goes against the norms of society
26
is deviance relative or absolute
relative
27
what does the relativity of deviance depend on?
time period and culture
28
Cesar Lombroso
Wrote Criminal man; argued genetics = criminality
29
After various critiques, how did Lombroso change his theory?
later argued genetics = 1/3rd of cause, social = 2/3rds cause of criminality
30
Charles Goring
offered the major challenge to Lombrosian theory, argued he did not use a control group
31
What was Lombroso's theory based off?
Facial features
32
Phones Gage
construction foreman in a bad accident, brain affected and personality changed; showed connection between frontal lobes of brain and personality
33
describe sociopaths
fairly intelligent, lack empathy and remorse for their actions
34
which part of the brain is argued to not be working in sociopathic people?
Amygdala and Pre-frontal cortex
35
What did Durkheim argue about Deviance?
deviance is functional. (good for society to a point); brings people closer together, rally around victim to support the person; tends to highlight why we have rules in the first place.
36
Anormie
the condition of formlessness that develops when a society undergoes rapid social change
37
strain theory
theory that even if society is going well, some people experience anomie
38
who developed strain theory
Robert Merton
39
What is the "goal" in society?
to be successful in life
40
What are the five ways people adapt to strain
Innovation - bend the rules to make things work conformity - play by the rules ritualism - somebody who rejects the goals but accept the means Retreatism - someone who rejects the goals and the means
41
what is the acronym to remember these 5 adaptions?
"ICRRR"
42
different neighbourhoods can provide
illegitimate opportunities
43
Cloward and Ohlin
opportunity theory
44
Conflict subculture
Violent gangs can gain high status
45
retreatist subculture
network of people who sell and abuse drugs and alcohol
46
What is the conclusion of the opportunity theory?
to be a criminal, you have to be socialized by people who have experience in one of those two subcultures
47
what does the control theory ask?
Why is it that most of us play by the rules of society?
48
What are the reasons people play by the rules?
Family and Friends commitment to conformity - commitment to playing by the rules of society Whether or not you believe the rules of society have a moral purpose Involvement
49
Who is connected with the control theory?
Travis Hirschi
50
John Braithwaite
argued when people do something wrong in society, they are controlled by shaming
51
disintegrative shaming
break ties to society i.e. jail
52
reintegrative shaming
the concept that people can be reformed if they understand the harm they have caused and are brought back into the social mainstream i.e. community service
53
Edwin Sutherland
Differential Association theory
54
What is the differential association theory?
who you hang outwit influences your values and beliefs, ultimately influencing your behaviour
55
What is the differential association theory strongly influenced by?
Symbolic interactionism
56
Labelling theory
the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions
57
William Chambliss
Demonstrated the power of the label in his study of two youth gangs- the saints and the roughnecks
58
Social conflict theory as applied to criminal deviance
``` a lot of social deviance is the result of social inequalities between people i.e. social class and legal system (laws protect the "elites" of society) ```
59
What are 3 kinds of street crime?
Violent Crimes Property Crimes Moral crimes (victimless) - illegal activities that people voluntarily engage in where there is no (obvious) victim, i.e illegal gambling
60
White collar crimes
Illegal activities done in the course of the job; usually done in secret by a single individual
61
Corporate Crime
Illegal activities on behalf of the corporation
62
What are the limitations of the Canadian Uniform Crime reports Database (C.U.C.R)?
Only includes crimes reported to the police, white collar crimes usually dealt with privately
63
Victimization survey
Annual attempts to measure crime rates by interviewing ordinary citizens who may or may not have been crime victims
64
what are the limitations of victimization survey?
Hard to remember minor victimization over a 6 month period people may not be giving honest answers to the extent of victimization/victimization at all No info on victimless or white-collar crimes telescoping
65
what is telescoping
inaccurately recalling the timing of a particular situation
66
What is an influential variable of lowered crime rates since 1990s?
Graying of population
67
Thomas Malthus
Created the Malthus Theorem
68
the Malthus theorem
Worried that population will outgrow food supply; world will be pushed into famine and war Need for positive checks on population growth. ex. famine, war, disease
69
What are some criticisms of the Malthus theorem?
Did not anticipate advances in science/techn Malthus wanted an "optimal population size" - just enough people to not stress food supply Consumption patterns directly influenced by culture
70
demographic transition
refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a per-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
71
name/describe the four stages of demographic transition
Stage 1: pre-industial societies - high birth and death rates; population growth slow. Life expectancy 40-50yrs Stage 2: Early industrialization - high birth rates and moderate/low death rates; population expanding Stage 3: Advanced industrialization - low birth and death rates; stabilized Stage 4: Post-industrialization - birth rate continues to decrease, death rates stable and low; population shrinking
72
total fertility
the average number of children a woman will have throughout her lifetime
73
Crude birth rate
(the total number of live births in a year) / (Total population in that year)
74
Total fertility rate formula
(Live births to Woman 15-49 in a year) / (Total population of women 15-49 in that year)
75
fecundity
the max number of children a woman is biologically capable of having
76
crude death rate
(total deaths in a year) / (Total population in that year)
77
life expectancy
a figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live
78
between men and women, who (on average) lives longer?
Women
79
Why do women generally have a higher life expectancy than men?
Cultural factors, such as: -Males + risk taking -Males = dangerous occupations - women more likely to see a doctor And biological factors: regardless what part of the world, rich/poor, male infants more likely to die in first year of life than female infants
80
whatis the male infant morality rate in Canada comparative to that of females?
2.5x that of female
81
Age cohort
people born at roughly the same time who pass through the life course together
82
What influenced the baby boom?
After ww2 = economic prosperity government creating a social safety net Influence of church
83
what influenced the baby bust?
the 1960s = social movements challenging traditional ideas Economic instability due to fairly high unemployment rates rise of Individualism, people thinking for themselves and becoming detached from religious institutions Cost of children
84
list, in order, the following age cohort by proportion of population: Baby boomers, Baby bust, baby boom echo
baby boomers, baby boom echo, baby bust
85
Match the theories with the people: 1. Strain Theory 2. Opportunity Theory 3. Control Theory 4. Differential Association Theory 5. Labelling theory 6. Inner-outer directed self theory 7. Group Think 8. Disintegrative and reintegrative theory
1. Merton 2. Cloward and Ohlin 3. Hirschi 4. Sutherland 5. Chambliss 6. Reismann 7. Janis 8. Braithwaite

SOC 100 (4 decks)

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