Exam 3 Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
CAM
A
CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION (CAM)
- Increase in terminal respiratory elements leading to development of cysts
- Involves part or all of a lung lobe
- Usually unilateral
2
Q
Meningocele
A
MENINGOCELE - meninges only protrude
3
Q
Cystic Hygromas
A
- BENIGN
- OF LYMPHATIC ORIGIN
- 80% ORIGINATE FROM POSTEROLATERAL PORTION OF NECK
4
Q
Arnold Chiari malformation is a common type of what?
A
HYDROCEPHALUS
5
Q
Choroid plexus cyst / Trisomy
A
- CYSTS IN THE CHOROID PLEXUS
- MAY BE TRANSIENT, AND RESOLVE BY END OF 2ND TRIMESTER
- 5% ARE ASSOCIATED WITH TRISOMY 18
- BILATERAL CYSTS >10 MM HAVE HIGHER ASSOCIATION WITH ABNORMAL KARYOTYPE
6
Q
Neural Tube
A
?
7
Q
Holoprosencephaly
A
- Failure of prosencephalon (forebrain) to divide into double lobes of cerebral hemispheres
- Thalami are fused
- Single common ventricle (horseshoe shaped)
- Caused by incomplete cleavage of prosencephalon
- Associated with facial deformities of the eyes, nose, and upper lip
8
Q
Hydranencephaly
A
- Total or near total absence of cerebral hemispheres
- Mid-brain, basal ganglia, thalamus and cerebellum present
- Thought to be caused by bilateral blockage of the Internal Carotid Arteries
9
Q
Dandy Walker
A
- Congenital brain malformation
- Characterized by incomplete formation of cerebellar vermis, dilation of fourth ventricle and enlargement of posterior fossa
- Thought to be result of obstruction of Foramina of Luschka and Magendie
10
Q
Polyhydramnios associations
A
•IDIOPATHIC 60% OF TIME •MAY BE FETAL FACTOR Gastrointestinal tract abnormality •MAY BE MATERNAL FACTOR Maternal diabetes
11
Q
Anencephaly
A
- Absence of cerebral hemispheres and overlying skull and scalp
- Only structures at base of brain present
- Can be seen on ultrasound transvaginally by 9-10 weeks
- Most common congenital anomaly of CNS
- Common in areas of world where spina bifida is common ( United Kingdom)
12
Q
Causes of Pulmonary Hypoplasia
A
- Intrathoracic mass
- Abdominal mass
- Oligohydramnios
- Small thorax related to skeletal dysplasia
13
Q
Amniotic band syndrome
A
Amniotic band syndrome is a rare condition caused by strands of the amniotic sac that separate and entangle digits, limbs, or other parts of the fetus.
14
Q
micromelia
A
shortening of entire extremity
15
Q
acromelia
A
distal extremity shortening (phalanges, metacarpals)
16
Q
mesomelia
A
middle limb segment shortening (radius, ulna, tibia, fibula)
17
Q
rhizomelia
A
shortening of proximal extremity (humerus, femur)
18
Q
thanatophoric dysplasia
A
- Most common dysplasia that is lethal
* Unknown etiology
19
Q
Normal AP measurement for placenta
A
1.5cm - 5cm anything above 6cm is abnormal
20
Q
“double bubble” sign
A
Connection between duodenum and stomach too small causing a build up “bubble” to form on either side. Seen in ultrasound of stomach
21
Q
What is the most common cause of Fetal Hydronephrosis?
A
ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ)
22
Q
omphalocele vs gastroschisis
A
Gastroschisis less serious than omphalocele
23
Q
limb/body wall complex
A
SEVERE FORM OF AMNIOTIC BAND SYNDROME
OR
EARLY VASCULAR ACCIDENT CAUSING DISRUPTIVE BODY WALL EVENTS
Anomalies may involve lateral body wall defects, thorax, abdomen, face, limbs and spine
Not compatible with life
24
Q
Bochdalek hernia
A
the herniation of abdominal contents into the chest cavity because of an opening in the left posterolateral portion of the diaphragm
25
Prune Belly Triad
* Deficient abdominal musculature
* Cryptorchidism
* GU tract anomaly (PUV)
* DISTENDS FETAL ABDOMEN WITH WRINKLED APPEARANCE
26
Diaphragmatic hernias: Causes
CAUSE: improperly fused or formed diaphragm
27
Pseudoascites in the fetus
* Hypoechoic ring around abdominal wall may simulate ascites
| * It represents the muscles of the abdominal wall
28
Posterior urethral valve obstruction
- Occurs in male fetuses
| - Results when thin leaflets obstruct fetal urethra
29
L/S ratio
Lecithin sphingomyelin ration
Measures Lung Maturity
30
Microcephaly
* SMALL HEAD
* HC MEASURES > 3 STANDARD •DEVIATIONS BELOW NORMAL
* MENTAL RETARDATION
31
erythroblastosis fetalis
```
Erythroblastosis fetalis (non-immune fetal hydrops):
•Erythroblastosis fetalis is hemolytic anemia in the fetus
```
Condition found specifically with Rh incompatibility
32
sacrococcygeal teratoma
* MOST COMMON TUMOR IN NEONATES
* MADE UP OF ALL 3 GERM LAYERS
* SEEN AS MASS EXTENDING FROM SACRUM
* MAY BE BENIGN OR MALIGNANT
* MAY BE SOLID, MIXED OR INTERSPERSED WITH CYSTIC COMPONENTS
33
abnormalities associated with non immune fetal hydrops
1. Cardiovascular abnormality (most common)
2. Chromosomal abnormalities (2nd most common)
3. Fetal structural abnormalities
4. Anemia
5. Infections
6. Genetic disorders
7. Idiopathic causes
8. Maternal disorders
9. Placental disorders
34
hydrocephalus and ventricular enlargement
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs within the brain
The CSF tends to build within the ventricles of the brain resulting in enlargement
35
cleft lip
* CLEFT LIP
* CLEFT PALATE
* FAILURE OF LIP FUSION •PRIOR TO 35 DAYS FROM CONCEPTION
* MAY BE AN ISOLATED FINDING
* MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH BRAIN ANOMALIES OR TRISOMIES
36
osteogenesis imperfecta
* INHERITED DISORDER
* DISORDER OF PRODUCTION OR SECRETION OF COLLAGEN
* ABNORMAL FRAGILITY OF THE BONES DUE TO HYPOMINERALIZATION OF ENTIRE SKELETON
* BONES CAN BE FRACTURED OR DEFORMED EASILY
* STILLBIRTH POSSIBLE DUE TO CRANIAL FRACTURE
37
nonimmune fetal hydrops
```
CAN BE CAUSED BY OVER 40 CONDITIONS
•Cardiovascular abnormality (most common)
•Chromosomal abnormalities (2nd most common)
•Fetal structural abnormalities
•Anemia
•Infections
•Genetic disorders
•Idiopathic causes
•Maternal disorders
•Placental disorders
```
38
polydactyly
* Having more than 5 fingers or toes
* On lateral or medial side
* May be an isolated finding
* May be a dominant inherited trait
39
polyhydramnios
```
Polyhydramnios
•IDIOPATHIC 60% OF TIME
•MAY BE FETAL FACTOR
-Gastrointestinal tract abnormality
•MAY BE MATERNAL FACTOR
-Maternal diabetes
```
40
amniotic band syndrome
Amniotic band syndrome is a rare condition caused by strands of the amniotic sac that separate and entangle digits, limbs, or other parts of the fetus.
41
duodenal atresia
Lack of adequate communication between duodenum and stomach
42
campomelic dysplasia
* LETHAL
* AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE OR SPORADIC
* RARE (1 IN 200,000)
43
Arnold Chiari Malformation: Ultrasound Appearance
- “BANANA SIGN” - refers to shape of cerebellum; banana shape instead of apple
- “LEMON SIGN” - narrower portion of anterior portion of head
- DILATION OF LATERAL VENTRICLES - bilateral and severe “bat wing sign”
- PARTIAL ABSENCE OF CAVUM SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM
- DILATION OF THIRD VENTRICLE
44
Types of holoprosencephaly
```
-Alobar (most severe)
•Single horseshoe shaped ventricle
•Fused thalami
•Associated with craniofacial abnormalities
-Semilobar
•More cerebral tissue present
•Occipital lobe present
•Associated with cleft palate and lip
-Lobar
•Nearly complete separation of cerebral hemispheres
```
45
Ultrasound Appearance of Hydranencephaly
Ultrasound appearance:
•No cerebral parenchyma
•Large anechoic areas surrounding midbrain
46
Dandy Walker Malformation: Other names
AKA: Dandy Walker Syndrome, Dandy Walker Cyst, Dandy Walker Variant
47
Dandy Walker: Ultrasound Appearance
* Cystic enlargement of fourth ventricle
* Dilated third ventricle
* Variable dilation of lateral ventricles
* Cerebellar lobes split apart and abnormal in shape
48
Anencephaly: Ultrasound Appearance
1. Cranial vault absent
2. Intracranial contents absent
3. Orbits and face present
4. Bulging eyes
5. Short neck
6. Polyhydramnios present in half the cases
49
Adequate dose of Rh immunoglobulin (RhoGAM) is to be given when?
Within 72 hours of delivery of Rh + Baby
50
RhoGAM is given when during pregnancy?
28th Week of Pregnancy
51
```
RhoGAM Treatment must be done with which of the following:
•Pregnancy
•Miscarriage
•Abortion
•Amniocentesis
•Chorionic Villi Sampling
```
RhoGAM treatment must be repeated with each of the listed
52
Characteristics of Thanatophoric Dysplasia?
* Severely flattened vertebral bodies
* Extreme rhizomelia
* Extreme micromelia
* Bowed long bones
* Narrow thorax with protruding abdomen (champagne cork appearance)
53
Causes of Micro Cephaly
CAUSES:
- Trisomies
- Exposure to environmental teratogens
- Uterine infections
54
Rh Incompatibility
CAUSED BY AN INCOMPATIBILITY BETWEEN THE BLOOD OF MOTHER AND FETUS
55
Fetal Effects of Rh Disease:
```
FETAL EFFECTS:
Jaundice
Anemia
Brain damage
Heart failure
Death
```
56
Causes of Rh Disease:
* MOST PEOPLE HAVE Rh POSITIVE BLOOD (85-95% of population)
* IF YOU HAVE THE Rh ANTIGEN YOU ARE Rh + positive
* IF YOU DO NOT HAVE THE Rh ANTIGEN YOU ARE Rh - negative
* AN Rh - MOTHER AND Rh + FATHER ARE NEEDED FOR IMMUNE RELATED HYDROPS TO DEVELOP
57
Polydactyly may be linked with what genetic diseases?
* Trisomy 13, 18, 21
* Ellis-van Creveld syndrome
* Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
58
Duodenal Atresia: 1/2 of the cases are associated with what other anomalies?
* VACTERL (vertebral, anorectal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal, & limb)
* Bowel malrotation
* Trisomy 21
59
Campomelic Dysplasia
Shortening and bowing of long bones of legs (tibia and fibula most affected)
Narrow chest
Large calvarium with small face
Hypoplastic scapulae
60
MENINGOMYELOCELE
MENINGOMYELOCELE - meninges and spinal cord protrude
61
Cystic Hygromas: US appearance
APPEAR AS UNILOCULAR OR MULTILOCULAR CYSTIC MASS
62
Cystic Hygromas can be associated with what other condition?
MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH TURNER’S SYNDROME
63
Besides the posterior lateral portion of the neck, what other locations can Cystic Hygromas be located?
-OTHER LOCATIONS INCLUDE AXILLA, GROIN, MEDIASTINUM, THORAX
64
What is the most common mass in fetal chest?
CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION (CAM)
65
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON TUMOR IN NEONATES?
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
66
Sacrococcygeal teratoma is made up of what?
MADE UP OF ALL 3 GERM LAYERS
67
Is a Sacrococcygeal Teratoma benign or malignant?
MAY BE BENIGN OR MALIGNANT
68
What state is Sacrococcygeal Teratoma usually in?
MAY BE SOLID, MIXED OR INTERSPERSED WITH CYSTIC COMPONENTS
69
Where is Sacrococcygeal Teratoma usually located?
SEEN AS MASS EXTENDING FROM SACRUM
70
Arnold Chiari malformation is associated with what condition?
ASSOCIATED WITH SPINA BIFIDA
71
How does Arnold Chiari malformation affect the spinal cord?
PORTION OF SPINAL CORD IS TETHERED AND ENDS BELOW L2
72
How does Arnold Chiari malformation affect the cerebellum?
CEREBELLUM IS PULLED THROUGH CISTERNA MAGNA
73
Posterior urethral valve obstruction: Ultrasound appearance
```
US features:
•Enlarged bladder
•Thickened bladder wall
•Dilated ureters
•“Keyhole appearance” due to dilated urethra
•Oligohydramnios
```
74
Situs inversus in relation to the fetal heart?
congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal positions. The normal arrangement of internal organs
75
Diaphragmatic Hernia: incidence?
1 in every 2000-4000 live births
76
Diaphragmatic Hernia: Mortality rate?
MORTALITY: 50-80% due to pulmonary hypoplasia
77
Types of Diaphragmatic Hernias?
Bochdalek - posterolateral on the left
| Morgagni - anterior
78
Ultrasound Findings of Diaphragmatic Hernia?
* Stomach, bowel, or other organs located in thorax
* An AC that is smaller than normal
* May be associated with polyhydramnios
