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Ultrasound OBGYN 3 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

CAM

A

CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION (CAM)

  • Increase in terminal respiratory elements leading to development of cysts
  • Involves part or all of a lung lobe
  • Usually unilateral
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2
Q

Meningocele

A

MENINGOCELE - meninges only protrude

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3
Q

Cystic Hygromas

A
  • BENIGN
  • OF LYMPHATIC ORIGIN
  • 80% ORIGINATE FROM POSTEROLATERAL PORTION OF NECK
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4
Q

Arnold Chiari malformation is a common type of what?

A

HYDROCEPHALUS

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5
Q

Choroid plexus cyst / Trisomy

A
  • CYSTS IN THE CHOROID PLEXUS
  • MAY BE TRANSIENT, AND RESOLVE BY END OF 2ND TRIMESTER
  • 5% ARE ASSOCIATED WITH TRISOMY 18
  • BILATERAL CYSTS >10 MM HAVE HIGHER ASSOCIATION WITH ABNORMAL KARYOTYPE
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6
Q

Neural Tube

A

?

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7
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A
  • Failure of prosencephalon (forebrain) to divide into double lobes of cerebral hemispheres
  • Thalami are fused
  • Single common ventricle (horseshoe shaped)
  • Caused by incomplete cleavage of prosencephalon
  • Associated with facial deformities of the eyes, nose, and upper lip
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8
Q

Hydranencephaly

A
  • Total or near total absence of cerebral hemispheres
  • Mid-brain, basal ganglia, thalamus and cerebellum present
  • Thought to be caused by bilateral blockage of the Internal Carotid Arteries
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9
Q

Dandy Walker

A
  • Congenital brain malformation
  • Characterized by incomplete formation of cerebellar vermis, dilation of fourth ventricle and enlargement of posterior fossa
  • Thought to be result of obstruction of Foramina of Luschka and Magendie
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10
Q

Polyhydramnios associations

A 
•IDIOPATHIC 60% OF TIME
•MAY BE FETAL FACTOR
Gastrointestinal tract abnormality
•MAY BE MATERNAL FACTOR
Maternal diabetes
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11
Q

Anencephaly

A
  • Absence of cerebral hemispheres and overlying skull and scalp
  • Only structures at base of brain present
  • Can be seen on ultrasound transvaginally by 9-10 weeks
  • Most common congenital anomaly of CNS
  • Common in areas of world where spina bifida is common ( United Kingdom)
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12
Q

Causes of Pulmonary Hypoplasia

A
  • Intrathoracic mass
  • Abdominal mass
  • Oligohydramnios
  • Small thorax related to skeletal dysplasia
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13
Q

Amniotic band syndrome

A

Amniotic band syndrome is a rare condition caused by strands of the amniotic sac that separate and entangle digits, limbs, or other parts of the fetus.

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14
Q

micromelia

A

shortening of entire extremity

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15
Q

acromelia

A

distal extremity shortening (phalanges, metacarpals)

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16
Q

mesomelia

A

middle limb segment shortening (radius, ulna, tibia, fibula)

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17
Q

rhizomelia

A

shortening of proximal extremity (humerus, femur)

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18
Q

thanatophoric dysplasia

A
  • Most common dysplasia that is lethal

* Unknown etiology

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19
Q

Normal AP measurement for placenta

A

1.5cm - 5cm anything above 6cm is abnormal

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20
Q

“double bubble” sign

A

Connection between duodenum and stomach too small causing a build up “bubble” to form on either side. Seen in ultrasound of stomach

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21
Q

What is the most common cause of Fetal Hydronephrosis?

A

ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ)

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22
Q

omphalocele vs gastroschisis

A

Gastroschisis less serious than omphalocele

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23
Q

limb/body wall complex

A

SEVERE FORM OF AMNIOTIC BAND SYNDROME
OR
EARLY VASCULAR ACCIDENT CAUSING DISRUPTIVE BODY WALL EVENTS
Anomalies may involve lateral body wall defects, thorax, abdomen, face, limbs and spine
Not compatible with life

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24
Q

Bochdalek hernia

A

the herniation of abdominal contents into the chest cavity because of an opening in the left posterolateral portion of the diaphragm

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25
Q

Prune Belly Triad

A
  • Deficient abdominal musculature
  • Cryptorchidism
  • GU tract anomaly (PUV)
  • DISTENDS FETAL ABDOMEN WITH WRINKLED APPEARANCE
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26
Q

Diaphragmatic hernias: Causes

A

CAUSE: improperly fused or formed diaphragm

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27
Q

Pseudoascites in the fetus

A
  • Hypoechoic ring around abdominal wall may simulate ascites

* It represents the muscles of the abdominal wall

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28
Q

Posterior urethral valve obstruction

A
  • Occurs in male fetuses

- Results when thin leaflets obstruct fetal urethra

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29
Q

L/S ratio

A

Lecithin sphingomyelin ration

Measures Lung Maturity

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30
Q

Microcephaly

A
  • SMALL HEAD
  • HC MEASURES > 3 STANDARD •DEVIATIONS BELOW NORMAL
  • MENTAL RETARDATION
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31
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A 
Erythroblastosis fetalis (non-immune fetal hydrops):
•Erythroblastosis fetalis is hemolytic anemia in the fetus

Condition found specifically with Rh incompatibility

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32
Q

sacrococcygeal teratoma

A
  • MOST COMMON TUMOR IN NEONATES
  • MADE UP OF ALL 3 GERM LAYERS
  • SEEN AS MASS EXTENDING FROM SACRUM
  • MAY BE BENIGN OR MALIGNANT
  • MAY BE SOLID, MIXED OR INTERSPERSED WITH CYSTIC COMPONENTS
33
Q

abnormalities associated with non immune fetal hydrops

A
  1. Cardiovascular abnormality (most common)
  2. Chromosomal abnormalities (2nd most common)
  3. Fetal structural abnormalities
  4. Anemia
  5. Infections
  6. Genetic disorders
  7. Idiopathic causes
  8. Maternal disorders
  9. Placental disorders
34
Q

hydrocephalus and ventricular enlargement

A

Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs within the brain

The CSF tends to build within the ventricles of the brain resulting in enlargement

35
Q

cleft lip

A
  • CLEFT LIP
  • CLEFT PALATE
  • FAILURE OF LIP FUSION •PRIOR TO 35 DAYS FROM CONCEPTION
  • MAY BE AN ISOLATED FINDING
  • MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH BRAIN ANOMALIES OR TRISOMIES
36
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A
  • INHERITED DISORDER
  • DISORDER OF PRODUCTION OR SECRETION OF COLLAGEN
  • ABNORMAL FRAGILITY OF THE BONES DUE TO HYPOMINERALIZATION OF ENTIRE SKELETON
  • BONES CAN BE FRACTURED OR DEFORMED EASILY
  • STILLBIRTH POSSIBLE DUE TO CRANIAL FRACTURE
37
Q

nonimmune fetal hydrops

A 
CAN BE CAUSED BY OVER 40 CONDITIONS
•Cardiovascular abnormality (most common)
•Chromosomal abnormalities (2nd most common)
•Fetal structural abnormalities
•Anemia
•Infections
•Genetic disorders
•Idiopathic causes
•Maternal disorders
•Placental disorders
38
Q

polydactyly

A
  • Having more than 5 fingers or toes
  • On lateral or medial side
  • May be an isolated finding
  • May be a dominant inherited trait
39
Q

polyhydramnios

A 
Polyhydramnios
•IDIOPATHIC 60% OF TIME
•MAY BE FETAL FACTOR
   -Gastrointestinal tract abnormality
•MAY BE MATERNAL FACTOR
   -Maternal diabetes
40
Q

amniotic band syndrome

A

Amniotic band syndrome is a rare condition caused by strands of the amniotic sac that separate and entangle digits, limbs, or other parts of the fetus.

41
Q

duodenal atresia

A

Lack of adequate communication between duodenum and stomach

42
Q

campomelic dysplasia

A
  • LETHAL
  • AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE OR SPORADIC
  • RARE (1 IN 200,000)
43
Q

Arnold Chiari Malformation: Ultrasound Appearance

A
  • “BANANA SIGN” - refers to shape of cerebellum; banana shape instead of apple
  • “LEMON SIGN” - narrower portion of anterior portion of head
  • DILATION OF LATERAL VENTRICLES - bilateral and severe “bat wing sign”
  • PARTIAL ABSENCE OF CAVUM SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM
  • DILATION OF THIRD VENTRICLE
44
Q

Types of holoprosencephaly

A 
-Alobar (most severe)
	•Single horseshoe shaped ventricle
	•Fused thalami
	•Associated with craniofacial abnormalities
-Semilobar
	•More cerebral tissue present
	•Occipital lobe present
	•Associated with cleft palate and lip
-Lobar
	•Nearly complete separation of cerebral hemispheres
45
Q

Ultrasound Appearance of Hydranencephaly

A

Ultrasound appearance:
•No cerebral parenchyma
•Large anechoic areas surrounding midbrain

46
Q

Dandy Walker Malformation: Other names

A

AKA: Dandy Walker Syndrome, Dandy Walker Cyst, Dandy Walker Variant

47
Q

Dandy Walker: Ultrasound Appearance

A
  • Cystic enlargement of fourth ventricle
  • Dilated third ventricle
  • Variable dilation of lateral ventricles
  • Cerebellar lobes split apart and abnormal in shape
48
Q

Anencephaly: Ultrasound Appearance

A
  1. Cranial vault absent
  2. Intracranial contents absent
  3. Orbits and face present
  4. Bulging eyes
  5. Short neck
  6. Polyhydramnios present in half the cases
49
Q

Adequate dose of Rh immunoglobulin (RhoGAM) is to be given when?

A

Within 72 hours of delivery of Rh + Baby

50
Q

RhoGAM is given when during pregnancy?

A

28th Week of Pregnancy

51
Q 
RhoGAM Treatment must be done with which of the following:
   •Pregnancy
   •Miscarriage
   •Abortion
   •Amniocentesis
   •Chorionic Villi Sampling
A

RhoGAM treatment must be repeated with each of the listed

52
Q

Characteristics of Thanatophoric Dysplasia?

A
  • Severely flattened vertebral bodies
  • Extreme rhizomelia
  • Extreme micromelia
  • Bowed long bones
  • Narrow thorax with protruding abdomen (champagne cork appearance)
53
Q

Causes of Micro Cephaly

A

CAUSES:

  • Trisomies
  • Exposure to environmental teratogens
    - Uterine infections
54
Q

Rh Incompatibility

A

CAUSED BY AN INCOMPATIBILITY BETWEEN THE BLOOD OF MOTHER AND FETUS

55
Q

Fetal Effects of Rh Disease:

A 
FETAL EFFECTS:
Jaundice
Anemia
Brain damage
Heart failure
Death
56
Q

Causes of Rh Disease:

A
  • MOST PEOPLE HAVE Rh POSITIVE BLOOD (85-95% of population)
  • IF YOU HAVE THE Rh ANTIGEN YOU ARE Rh + positive
  • IF YOU DO NOT HAVE THE Rh ANTIGEN YOU ARE Rh - negative
  • AN Rh - MOTHER AND Rh + FATHER ARE NEEDED FOR IMMUNE RELATED HYDROPS TO DEVELOP
57
Q

Polydactyly may be linked with what genetic diseases?

A
  • Trisomy 13, 18, 21
  • Ellis-van Creveld syndrome
  • Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
58
Q

Duodenal Atresia: 1/2 of the cases are associated with what other anomalies?

A
  • VACTERL (vertebral, anorectal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal, & limb)
  • Bowel malrotation
  • Trisomy 21
59
Q

Campomelic Dysplasia

A

Shortening and bowing of long bones of legs (tibia and fibula most affected)
Narrow chest
Large calvarium with small face
Hypoplastic scapulae

60
Q

MENINGOMYELOCELE

A

MENINGOMYELOCELE - meninges and spinal cord protrude

61
Q

Cystic Hygromas: US appearance

A

APPEAR AS UNILOCULAR OR MULTILOCULAR CYSTIC MASS

62
Q

Cystic Hygromas can be associated with what other condition?

A

MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH TURNER’S SYNDROME

63
Q

Besides the posterior lateral portion of the neck, what other locations can Cystic Hygromas be located?

A

-OTHER LOCATIONS INCLUDE AXILLA, GROIN, MEDIASTINUM, THORAX

64
Q

What is the most common mass in fetal chest?

A

CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION (CAM)

65
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON TUMOR IN NEONATES?

A

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma

66
Q

Sacrococcygeal teratoma is made up of what?

A

MADE UP OF ALL 3 GERM LAYERS

67
Q

Is a Sacrococcygeal Teratoma benign or malignant?

A

MAY BE BENIGN OR MALIGNANT

68
Q

What state is Sacrococcygeal Teratoma usually in?

A

MAY BE SOLID, MIXED OR INTERSPERSED WITH CYSTIC COMPONENTS

69
Q

Where is Sacrococcygeal Teratoma usually located?

A

SEEN AS MASS EXTENDING FROM SACRUM

70
Q

Arnold Chiari malformation is associated with what condition?

A

ASSOCIATED WITH SPINA BIFIDA

71
Q

How does Arnold Chiari malformation affect the spinal cord?

A

PORTION OF SPINAL CORD IS TETHERED AND ENDS BELOW L2

72
Q

How does Arnold Chiari malformation affect the cerebellum?

A

CEREBELLUM IS PULLED THROUGH CISTERNA MAGNA

73
Q

Posterior urethral valve obstruction: Ultrasound appearance

A 
US features:
   •Enlarged bladder
   •Thickened bladder wall
   •Dilated ureters
   •“Keyhole appearance” due to dilated urethra
   •Oligohydramnios
74
Q

Situs inversus in relation to the fetal heart?

A

congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal positions. The normal arrangement of internal organs

75
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia: incidence?

A

1 in every 2000-4000 live births

76
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia: Mortality rate?

A

MORTALITY: 50-80% due to pulmonary hypoplasia

77
Q

Types of Diaphragmatic Hernias?

A

Bochdalek - posterolateral on the left

Morgagni - anterior

78
Q

Ultrasound Findings of Diaphragmatic Hernia?

A
  • Stomach, bowel, or other organs located in thorax
  • An AC that is smaller than normal
  • May be associated with polyhydramnios

Ultrasound OBGYN 3 (3 decks)

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