Exam 3

Question 1

that question:
recording current induced by NMDA in a cell that only has NMDAR as a glutamate receptor. (A) has the cell at 0 mV and (B) has the cell at -65 mV. what happens?

Answer 1

neither has a current; 0mV is reversal potential and -65mV is where Mg blocks the NMDA receptor.

Question 2

How many glia are there (comparative to neurons)

Answer 2

about even

Question 3

what do satellite cells do

Answer 3

astrocytes but in PNS, metabolic and structural supoort

Question 4

what do ependymal cells do

Answer 4

epithelial linking of ventricles, produce CSF

Question 5

difference in myelination of oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

Answer 5

1 oligo = many axon sections (up to 50)

1 schwann = one axon section

Question 6

where are oligodendrocytes from in development

Answer 6

neural tube

Question 7

where are schwann cells from in development

Answer 7

neural crest

Question 8

what does myelin do

Answer 8

increase rate of passive depolarization –> speed up action potential

Question 9

what is the major dense line

Answer 9

cytoplasmic surface; the area that was the inner part of the membrane that once had cytoplasm

Question 10

what is the minor dense line

Answer 10

extracellular surface; the area that was the outer part of the membrane, the part that faced the exterior

Question 11

what is the intraperiod line

Answer 11

extracellular space between trow minor dense lines

Question 12

what is the myelin sheath made up of

Answer 12

mostly lipid, little protein

Question 13

what are the major proteins in myelin

Answer 13

Myelin Basic Protein (MBP)
Proteolipid Protein (PLP)
Protein zero (P0)

Question 14

what protein is only in PNS?

Answer 14

P0

Question 15

what disease is associated with defective P0?

Answer 15

Dejerine-Sottas

Question 16

what disease is associated with defective PMP22?

Answer 16

charcot-marie-tooth 1

Question 17

what disease is associated with defective connexin 32?

Answer 17

x-linked charcot-marie-tooth

Question 18

what disease is associated with defective MBP?

Answer 18

shiverer mouse; tremors and eventually seizures

myelin is abnormal in CNS but not in PNS

Question 19

what is Guillain Barre Syndrome

Answer 19

autoimmune demyelination of PNS
triggered by infection
better prognosis than MS

Question 20

what is MS

Answer 20

autoimmune demyelination of CNS
triggered by environmental factors
poor prognosis

Question 21

what is the most abundant glial type

Answer 21

astrocytes

Question 22

what is the filament protein in astrocytes

Answer 22

GFAP

Question 23

what do astrocytes do

Answer 23

homeostasis
neurotransmission
development and plasticity
response to injury

Question 24

what do astrocytes do for homeostasis

Answer 24

energy storage in glycogen
neuronal survival
maintain BBB

Question 25

what do astrocytes do for neurotransmission

Answer 25

reuptake neurotransmitters release enzymes that degrade/ inactivate NTs gliotransmission --> release glutamate in wave form

Question 26

what do astrocytes do or development and plasticity

Answer 26

guidance of migrating neurons (radial glia that later form neurons in development) synapse formation and plasticity neurotransmitters

Question 27

what do astrocytes do for injury

Answer 27

produce glial scars | "astrogliosis"

Question 28

what is a tripartite synapse

Answer 28

a synapse with a pre synaptic, post synaptic, and astrocyte endfeet astrocytes will soak up extra NT

Question 29

how do astrocytes affect the BBB

Answer 29

they surround the blood vessels to prevent molecules from leaking through

Question 30

what NT can astrocytes take up

Answer 30

glutamate, GABA

Question 31

where do astrocytes take up K+?

Answer 31

at synapse and nodes of Ranvier

Question 32

name the 4 atypical neurotransmitter

Answer 32

glutamate ATP adenosine serine

Question 33

what activates astrocytes to release NTs?

Answer 33

voltage gated Ca2+

Question 34

why are astrocytes important in fMRI

Answer 34

they connect neurons to the blood vessels and control the changes in blood oxygen levels, remember fMRI is an indirect measure of activity

Question 35

what is the PNS version of astrocytes

Answer 35

satellite cells derived from neural crest

Question 36

where are microglia develop from

Answer 36

embryonic yolk sac

Question 37

how do microglia affect development

Answer 37

pruning of synapses and dendritic spines

Question 38

which glia have cilia and what do they do

Answer 38

ependymal cells, they move the CSF

Question 39

what overarching type of glia is a radial glia cell

Answer 39

astrocyte

Question 40

which NT group is also called small molecule NTs

Answer 40

Classical

Question 41

which NTs are synthesized at the synaptic terminals

Answer 41

classical

Question 42

which NTs are synthesized at the soma

Answer 42

neuroactive peptides

Question 43

which NTs are in round vesicles

Answer 43

classical

Question 44

which NTs are in large vesicles? what are the vesicles called?

Answer 44

neuroactive peptides. dense core vesicles

Question 45

which NTs are exocytosed through CA2+ channels at active zones

Answer 45

classical

Question 46

which NTs are exocytosed like glands

Answer 46

neuroactive peptides

Question 47

which NTts are released by a single action potential

Answer 47

classical

Question 48

which NTs are released by multiple action potentials

Answer 48

neuroactive peptides

Question 49

which NTs can be released by the soma and dendrites

Answer 49

neuroactive peptides

Question 50

which NTs can be reuptaked

Answer 50

classcial

Question 51

what is different about Ach reuptake

Answer 51

it is degraded from NE to E then reuptaked

Question 52

which NTs are ONLY classical

Answer 52

the amino acids; glutamate, GABA, glycine

Question 53

name the 3 aa NTs

Answer 53

GABA, Glutamate, glycine

Question 54

name the 5 biogenic amine NTs

Answer 54

dopamine, NE, E, 5-HT, histamine

Question 55

which 3 NTs are the catecholamines? what is a catecholamine?

Answer 55

dopamine, NE, and E. They are all derived from tyrosine | can make dopamine into NE and NE into E

Question 56

which enzyme produces ACh

Answer 56

choline acetyltransferase

Question 57

what enzyme deactivates ACh and what does it turn it into

Answer 57

ACh esterase and it turns into choline

Question 58

what gets taken up after ACh is degraded and by what

Answer 58

choline by choline transporter

Question 59

what funct is ACh important for

Answer 59

autonomic and somatic motor neurons

Question 60

what areas have cholinergic neurons

Answer 60

the entire forebrain

Question 61

what is serotonin derived from

Answer 61

tryptophan

Question 62

what does tyrosine hydroxlyase do?

Answer 62

turn tyr into dompamine

Question 63

what does dopamine beta hydroxylase do

Answer 63

catalyses DA to NE | only in NE-ergic neurons not DA-ergic

Question 64

what is an autoreceptor

Answer 64

a receptor on a presynaptic cell that senses NTs released by itself; important for modulating release

Question 65

which NTs have autoreceptors

Answer 65

DA, NE

Question 66

what does VMAT do

Answer 66

transports monoamines into vesicles