Exam 3 Flashcards
(262 cards)
1
Q
What makes up the diencephalon?
A
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
(technically all the -thalamus’s)
2
Q
What 3 things make up the brainstem?
A
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
3
Q
The mammillary bodies are part of what?
A
Hypothalamus
4
Q
What is the fxn of the optic chiasm?
A
Crossing over of neurons in the optic nerve
5
Q
Where is the oculomotor nerve located?
A
Comes off of the cerebral peduncle in midbrain
6
Q
Where does the trochlear nerve come off of?
A
Posterior aspect of the brainstem and wraps around midbrain
7
Q
Which lobe does the trochlear nerve lay on?
A
Piriform lobe
8
Q
Which cranial nerve is located on either side of the pons?
A
Trigeminal
9
Q
What 3 cranial nerves are located between pons and medulla?
A
(Medial –> lateral)
Abducent
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
10
Q
Which cranial nerves are posterior to the olive of the medulla?
A
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus branches
11
Q
Which cranial nerve is between the olive and pyramid of the medulla?
A
Hypoglossal
12
Q
Which cranial nerve is in the cranial cavity/traveling down the spinal cord?
A
Spinal accessory
13
Q
Which nucleus is in the alar plate?
A
Somatic afferent nucleus (sensory)
14
Q
Which nucleus is in the basal plate?
A
Somatic efferent nucleus (motor)
15
Q
How do the pons and medulla form from the plates?
A
Alar plate moves laterally
Roof stretches out.
Sensory ends up being lateral to motor
16
Q
Which artery lays in the midline on the pons?
A
Basilar a.
17
Q
What do the 2 vertebral arteries come together to form?
A
Basilar a.
18
Q
What tiny branches come off of the basilar a. to supply the pons?
A
Pontine branches
19
Q
How does your basilar a. end?
A
Splits into 2 posterior cerebral a.
20
Q
What cranial nerve is typically running between the posterior cerebral a. and superior cerebellar a?
A
Oculomotor
21
Q
What 2 vessels does the posterior communicating a. join?
A
Posterior cerebral and internal carotid
22
Q
What 2 things come off of the internal carotid a?
A
Anterior cerebral a.
Middle cerebral a.
23
Q
What does the anterior communicating a. connect?
A
Anterior cerebral a.
24
Q
Which lobe do the anterior communicating a/ travel between?
A
Frontal lobes
25
Where is the reticular formation located?
In each of the 3 parts of the brainstem
26
What is the reticular formation?
A cluster of nuclei with asc/descending tracts
27
What is the sensory fxn of the reticular formation?
Receives sensory information and filters it (except olfaction and vision- those are extensions of the forebrain)
28
Where does the reticular formation project to?
Lower somatic motor neurons (LSMN) in reticulospinal tract
29
True or false- the reticular formation sends constant info about sensory stimuli that we are already used to
No- filters info so it only notifies the brain when something changes
30
What is the somatic motor function of the reticular formation?
Coordination of locomotion, posture, and gaze (eye movement) via the reticulospinal tract
31
What is a main function of the reticular activating system?
Sensory info sent to be perceived and wakes you up (involved in arousal/wakefulness, and affects sleep-wake cycles)
32
True or false- one nuclei in the brain is responsible for sleep-wake cycles
False- there are multiple in the brain
33
What are some of the autonomic functions of the reticular formation?
Vasoconstriction/dilation, para/sympathetic to the heart and blood vessels, other reflex centers (sneezing, coughing, breathing)
34
What is the reticular formation responsible for that involves keeping your focus on one thing and not getting distracted?
Attentiveness and cognition
35
true or false- the reticular formation is involved in emotion, behavior, and mood
TRUE
36
How is the reticular formation involved in reward & pain processing?
Reticular formation is receiving sensory information including pain
37
What is located in the midline of the medulla?
Pyramids (R and L)
38
What are pyramids?
Tracts of motor axons traveling down
39
What is on either side of the pyramids?
Olives
40
What is within the olives?
Inferior olivary nuclei
41
What is the function of your inferior olivary nuclei?
relays proprioceptive information to cerebellum via inferior cerebral peduncle
42
What connects the medulla to the cerebellum?
Inferior cerebral peduncle
43
How do motor tracts travel through the medulla?
Starts in superior medulla
| End up crossing over and entering inferior medulla
44
Are the neurons in the pyramids white or grey matters?
White matter
45
Which motor tracts in the medulla are your ventral white matter?
Tracts in superior medulla
46
Where would you find motor tracts in the medulla that have anterior and internal dorsolateral white matter?
Tracts in inferior medulla
47
True or false- different motor pathways cross over in different areas of the brainstem and SC
True
48
True or false- some pathways project bilaterally, some project ipsilaterally, and some project contralaterally
True- brain can control different parts of itself and of body
49
Where are the sensory tracts in the superior medulla located?
Medial lemniscus
| Spinal lemniscus
50
Where are the sensory tracts in the inferior medulla located?
Dorsal and lateral white matter
51
Where is the medial lemniscus located?
Posterior to pyramids
52
Where is the spinal lemniscus located?
Lateral to pyramids
53
Where do the sensory pathways in the medulla cross over?
Some in the medulla, some in the spinal cord
54
Part of the solitary nucleus contains visceral sensory from which CN?
Glossopharyngeal
| Vagus
55
Part of the solitary nucleus contains special sense of taste from which CN?
Glossopharyngeal
| Vagus
56
Part of the trigeminal nucleus contains somatic sensory from which CN?
Glossopharyngeal
| Vagus
57
Part of the vestibular nucleus contains the special sense of balance from which CN?
Vestibulocochlear
58
What cell bodies are located within the sensory nuclei for CN in the medulla?
Second order sensory?
59
What synapses on what in the nuclei of sensory CN in the medulla?
First order from CN synapses on 2nd order sensory in nuclei
60
Which nucleus is parasympathetic motor for the glossopharyngeal n located?
Inferior salivary nucleus
61
Which nucleus is parasympathetic motor for the vagus n located?
Dorsal vagal nucleus and part of ambiguus nucleus
62
What is the function of the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla?
Somatic motor to the muscles of the tongue
63
What is the ambiguus nucleus (in the medulla) contain/where does it go?
Brachial motor nucleus of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory n to muscles of pharyngeal arches
64
Which center controls blood vessel diameter throughout the body?
Vasomotor center
65
Which center controls heart rate and contractility?
Cardiac center
66
Which center controls ventilation?
Respiratory centers
67
What other reflexes are in the dorsal region of the medulla?
```
Swallowing
Vomiting
Hiccuping
Coughing
Sneezing
```
68
Where is the reticular formation located in the medulla?
Dorsal region
69
What sensory nuclei contains the special sense of hearing from the cochlear nerve?
Cochlear nuclei
70
Which sensory nuclei contains the special sense of taste from the facial nerve?
Solitary nucleus
71
Which sensory nuclei contains somatic sensory from facial and trigeminal nerves?
Part of trigeminal nucleus
72
True or false- the vestibular nucleus is only motor
False- has a sensory nucleus
73
Which nucleus is responsible for somatic motor in the pons?
Abducens nucleus
74
Which nuclei are responsible for brachial motor in the pons?
Facial motor nucleus
| Trigeminal motor nucleus
75
Which nucleus is responsible for parasympathetic motor in the facial nerve?
Superior salivary nucleus
76
Brachial motor goes to what muscles?
Muscles of mastication
77
What is the function of the abducent nerve?
Abducts eyeball
78
What kind of neurons are present in the ventral region of the pons?
Descending tracts of motor axons
79
Where is the reticular formation located in the pons?
Ventral region
80
Where do the pontine nuclei get their information from?
Motor cortex via corticopontine pathway
81
Where do pontine neurons cross over and travel to the cerebellum through?
Pontocerebellar pathway in middle cerebellar peduncle
82
What tracts are present in the dorsal region of the pons?
Medial and spinal lemnisci (tracts of sensory axons)
83
Where is the pontine respiratory group for control of ventilation with medulla located in the pons?
Dorsal region
84
What 2 centers are included in the pontine respiratory center?
Pneumotaxic and apneustic centers
85
What sensory part of trigeminal nucleus is present in the midbrain?
Somatic sensory from facial and trigeminal
86
What nuclei for somatic motor is present in the midbrain?
Trochlear nucleus
| Oculomotor nucleus
87
What is the function of the trochlear CN?
Moves eyeball
88
What is the function of the oculomotor CN?
Moves eyeball and eyelid
89
Where is parasympathetic motor for the oculomotor nerve located in the midbrain?
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
90
Where are the corpora quadrigimeni located?
Dorsal region of midbrain
91
What is the function of the superior colliculi?
Visual reflexes (moving head, eyes, body towards stimulus)
92
What is the function of the inferior colliculi?
Hearing reflexes and coordination of hearing with vision
93
What are your medial and spinal lemnisci?
Tracts of sensory axons
94
Where is the reticular formation located in the midbrain?
Middle region
95
Where are the nuclei of CN located in the midbrain?
Middle region
96
What is the function of the dorsal tegmental nucleus?
Nucleus for endogenous opioids (prevent pain transmission from 1st to 2nd order sensory)
97
Where is your dorsal tegmental nucleus located?
Middle region of midbrain
98
What is the fxn of the red nucleus?
Somatic motor reflex center for withdraw reflex maintenance
99
Where are the red nuclei located?
Ventral region of midbrain
100
Where is the substantia nigra located?
Ventral region of midbrain
101
What is the function of substantia nigra?
Coordinates somatic motor with basal and subthalamic nuclei
102
Where are your cerebral peduncles located?
Ventral region of midbrain
103
What is the fxn of the cerebral peduncles?
Tracts of upper motor axons traveling down to get to lower motor neurons
104
True or false- the cerebellar circuits are affected by experience and remodeled during motor learning
TRUE
105
What 2 movements is the cerebellum responsible for?
Selective voluntary movement
| Reflexive movement
106
How does the premotor cortex send intended movement to the cerebellum?
Via corticopontocerebellar tract
107
Where does the cerebellum send plan for movement to?
Premotor and motor cortex
108
What sensory information does the cerebellum receive as movement occurs?
Proprioception
Vision
Balance
Somatic sensory
109
True or false- the cerebellum compares movement that is occurring to planned movement
TRUE
110
Which kind of movement at the cerebellum involves maintaining posture and balance?
Reflexive movement
111
Which kind of movement at the cerebellum is controlled by spinal reflexes and reflex pathways from sensory to cerebellum to brainstem ?
Reflexive movement
112
Where is balance sensed from?
Inner ear
113
What kind of movement is in charge of general locomotor control?
Reflexive movement
114
What separates the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum?
Vermis
115
Where does the anterior lobe separate from the posterior lobe in the cerebellum?
Primary fissure
116
Where is the primary fissure seen?
Superior surface of cerebellum
117
What are the folds of the cerebellum called?
Folia
118
Which lobe of the cerebellum is larger, anterior or posterior?
Posterior lobe
119
Where is your flocculonodular lobe located?
Right next to brainstem where glossopharyngeal and vagus n. come off at transition between pons and medulla
120
What does the flocculonodular lobe separate?
Anterior lobe from posterior lobe
121
Where does the posterior inferior cerebellar a. come off of?
Vertebral a.
122
What does the posterior inferior cerebellum supply?
Posterior inferior cerebellum
123
Where does the anterior inferior cerebellar a. come off of?
Basilar a.
124
Where does the superior cerebellar a. come off of?
Basilar a.
125
What is the cerebellar cortex made of?
Outer gray matter
126
What is the cerebellar medulla made of?
Inner white matter
127
What is the cerebellar nuclei made of?
Internal gray matter
128
What are the layers of the cerebellar gray matter?
Molecular layer
Purkinje layer
Granular layer
129
Which layer of cerebellar grey matter is most external?
Molecular layer
130
Which layer of cerebellar grey matter is most internal?
Granular layer
131
How does information travel in the cerebellar peduncles?
Axons travel from brainstem to cerebellum or from cerebellum to brainstem
132
What are the three cerebellar peduncles?
Superior
Middle
Inferior
133
Where do the peduncles come from?
Cerebellar white matter
134
What is considered your vestibulocerebellum?
Flocculonodular lobe
135
What is the input/fxn of the flocculonodular lobe?
Receive sensory info from vestibular/visual systems&
| adjusts posture and eye movement to maintain balance
136
Where does the flocculonodular lobe send output to?
Vestibulospinal motor pathway from brainstem to LMN
137
Which 3 nuclei of CNs move the eye?
Trochlear
Abducent
Oculomotor
138
What is the function of the lateral hemispheres?
Planning body movement
139
How does the lateral hemisphere coordinate body movement?
Calculate force, direction, and extent of muscle contractions
140
What is the function of the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum?
Compare the body's performance to the intended movement
141
What makes up the spinocerebellum?
Vermis and intermediate hemispheres
142
What are the intermediate hemispheres?
Portions of lateral hemispheres near the vermis
143
What is the fxn of the spinocerebellum?
Proprioception from limbs for locomotor movement
144
What makes up the cerebrocerebellum?
Lateral portions of lateral hemispheres
145
What is the fxn of cerebrocerebellum?
Motor planning for selective control of limb movements
146
What is the oldest part of the cerebellum?
Flocculonodular lobe
147
What is the most recent evolutionary part of the cerebellum?
Cerebrocerebellum
148
Which cerebellar nucleus gathers information from the cerebellar cortex of vermis?
Fastigial nucleus
149
Where does the fastigial nucleus sent output to?
Cerebral cortex via thalamus and brainstem regions that give rise to descending pathways
150
Which cerebellar nucleus contains the emboliform and globose nuclei?
Interposed nuclei
151
Where do the interposed nuclei get info from?
Cerebellar cortex of intermediate hemispheres
152
Where do the interposed nuclei send output to?
Cerebral cortex via thalamus and brainstem regions that give rise to descending pathways
153
Where does the dentate nucleus get its information from?
Cerebellar cortex of lateral hemispheres
154
Where is the dentate nucleus located?
Cerebellum
155
Where does the dentate nucleus send output to?
Pre/motor cortex via thalamus
156
What is the fxn of the dentate nucleus?
Selective control of limb movement
157
What is the fxn of the interposed nuclei?
Control DISTAL limb muscles
158
What is the fxn of the fastigial nucleus?
Controls trunk and PROXIMAL limb muscles
159
Where is the fastigial nucleus located?
Cerebellum
160
Where are the emboliform and globose nuclei located?
Cerebellum
161
Where are the interposed nuclei located?
Cerebellum
162
What kind of fibers are in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex?
Parallel fibers
| Climbing fibers
163
What kind of axons make up parallel fibers?
Axons of granule cells
164
What kind of cells are in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex?
Stellate cells
| Basket cells
165
What are stellate cells and basket cells and what do they do?
Interneurons that inhibit Purkinje cells using GABA
166
What kind of dendrites are in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex?
Dendrites of Purkinje cells
| Dendrites of Golgi cells
167
What are climbing fibers and where do they come from?
Axons of neurons from the inferior olivary nucleus of medulla
168
What do climbing fibers synapse on?
```
Purkinje cells
Cerebellar nuclei (internal gray matter)
```
169
What do climbing fibers use as an excitatory transmitter?
Aspartate
170
What do stellate, basket, purkinje, and golgi cells use as an excitatory neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
171
What 4 things do the axons of granule cells stimulate?
Stellate cells
Basket cells
Purkinje cells
Golgi cells
172
Purkinje cells in the purkinje cell layer have (large/small) cell bodies
Large
173
Where do the axons of purkinje cells in the purkinje layer travel into?
Cerebellar medulla
174
Which layer of the cerebellar cortex is the sole output?
Purkinje cells of purkinje layer
175
What is the inhibitory neurotransmitter used by purkinje cells?
GABA
176
Which cerebellar cortex layer has extensive dendritic trees?
Purkinje layer
177
What is the composition of the purkinje cell layer?
Cell bodies of purkinje cells are in one layer
178
Which cerebellar cortex layer has granule cell bodies and dendrites?
Granular layer
179
Which cerebellar cortex layer has golgi cell bodies and axons?
Granular layer
180
cerebellar cortex layer has mossy fibers?
Granular layer
181
Where do granule cell axons travel up to and what do they turn into?
Molecular layer to become PARALLEL FIBERS
182
What is the fxn of golgi cells?
Inhibit granular cells with GABA
183
Mossy fibers are have (motor/sensory) axons
Sensory axons
184
What do the axons of mossy fibers snapse with?
Granular cells
| Cerebellar nuclei
185
Which excitatory transmitter do mossy fibers use?
Glutamate
186
What do granule cells use as an excitatory neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
187
Which inhibitory neurotransmitter is used at the cerebellar nucleus/vestibular nucleus cell to inhibit info traveling to brain/SC?
Glycine (as well as GABA)
188
If you have more inhibition on your Purkinje cells, you will have (more/less) inhibition on the cerebellar nucleus from the Purkinje cells
Less inhibition of the cerebellar nucleus = signal will go to brain/SC
189
Where is the trigeminal nerve located?
Comes right off the pons
190
Which CN comes off right between the pyramids and olives?
Hypoglossal
191
Which CNs separate pons and medulla?
Abducent
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
192
Where does abducent n exit the cranium?
Cavernous sinus
193
Where do facial and vestibulocochlear nerve exit the cranium?
Internal acoustic meatus
194
Where do glossopharyngeal, vagus, and spinal accessory exit the cranium?
Jugular foramen
195
What exists between glossopharyngeal and vagus?
A layer of dura
196
Where does the hypoglossal n exit?
Hypoglossal canal
197
What are the olfactory nerves responsible for?
Sense of smell
198
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
Superior part of nasal cavity
199
What stimulates the olfactory nerves?
Odorant molecules (any molecules we have receptors for on the olfactory nerve)
200
Do we have receptors for every smell that exists?
No! We consider some things "odorless"
201
Where are the cell bodies of olfactory receptor cells located?
Olfactory epithelium
202
What do the axons of olfactory receptor cells make up?
Olfactory nerves
203
Where do the olfactory nerves synapse?
Olfactory bulb
204
Olfactory dendrites are synonymous with what other term?
Cilia
205
What covers the dendrites of olfactory receptor cells?
Mucus in nasal cavity
206
The olfactory bulb and tract are an extension of what?
Forebrain
207
What kind of neurons are your olfactory cells?
Bipolar cells (dendrite on one side, and axon on other side)
208
Olfactory axons travel through what structure?
Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
209
True or false- when you lose olfactory neurons, they do not regenerate
FALSE- we have stem cells in the olfactory epithelium that can differentiate and become olfactory neurons
210
What is the function of the second CN?
Special sense of sight
211
What structure is an evagination of the forebrain?
Retina
212
What are the 3 layers of the retina?
```
(external)
Rods and cones/photoreceptors
Bipolar cell layer
Ganglion cell layer
(internal)
```
213
What is the function of the rods and cones in the retina? Where do they send info to?
Absorb light
| Send info to bipolar cells
214
What is the function of the bipolar cell layer in the retina?
Send info to ganglion cells
215
What is the function of the ganglion cells in the retina?
Axons make up the optic nerve
216
What is the function of the oculomotor nerve?
Somatic motor to 4 muscles that move the eyeball and one muscle that moves the eyelid
217
What are the 4 muscles that move the eye (inn by oculomotor n)?
Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique
218
What muscle moves the eyelid?
Levator palpebrae superioris m.
219
What 2 things does the oculomotor nerve provide parasympathetic motor to?
Sphincter pupillae muscle of pupil
| Ciliary body of eye
220
What is the fxn of the sphincter pupillae m?
Contract to decrease pupil diameter
221
What is the ciliary body of the eye and what does it do?
circular m that changes shape of the lens to allow the eye to focus on a close object
222
What happens when the ciliary body in the eye contracts?
Lens becomes more rounded and accommodation (focusing on close object) occurs
223
What does the ciliary body turn into posteriorly?
Short ciliary nerve
224
What does the short ciliary nerve synapse with in the sympathetic root?
CIliary ganglion
225
The parasympathetic preganglionic oculomotor root synapses with the ciliary ganglion, which are what kind of nerves?
Postganglionic parasympathetic
226
Postganglionic parasympathetic of the oculomotor n travels to what 2 things?
Ciliary body
| Sphincter pupillae
227
What is the function of the trochlear nerve?
Somatic motor to superior oblique muscle (moves eye)
228
What is the function of the abducent n?
Somatic motor to lateral rectus m (abducts eye)
229
Where does trigeminal get somatic sensory info from?
```
Face
Meninges
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Scalp
```
230
What does trigeminal provide somatic motor to?
Muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial/lateral pterygoid)
Mylohyoid
Anterior belly digastric
Tensor tympani m
231
What does facial nerve provide somatic motor to?
```
Muscles of facial expression
Platysma
Auricular muscles
Posterior belly digastric
Stylohyoid
Stapedius
```
232
What does facial nerve receive somatic sensory from?
Posterior auricular nerve to skin posterior to auricle
233
What does the facial nerve have parasympathetic to?
UP to Lacrimal gland (increase tear production)
| DOWN to sublingual and submandibular glands (increase saliva production)
234
Which CN is somatic motor to muscles of tongue?
Hypoglossal
235
Which CN is somatic sensory and taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue?
Glossopharyngeal
236
Which CN is the internal laryngeal nerve a branch of?
Vagus n
237
Which n is somatic sensory and taste from tongue near epiglottis?
Internal laryngeal n
238
What is the lingual n a branch of?
Mandibular branch trigeminal
239
What nerve is somatic sensory from anterior 2/3 of tongue?
Lingual n
240
What is the chorda tympani n a branch of?
Facial n
241
What n is responsible for taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Chorda tympani (facial n)
242
What is greater petrosal n a branch of?
Facial n
243
Where do you get your special sense of taste from?
Greater petrosal n
| Palatine n
244
Which nerve receives special sensory information about hearing from the cochlea?
Cochlear n
245
Where does the vestibular nerve receive sensory info from?
Saccule
Utricle
Semicircular canals
246
What muscle does glossopharyngeal provide somatic motor to?
Stylopharyngeus
247
What does glossopharyngeal receive visceral sensory from?
```
Carotid sinus (blood pressure)
Carotid body (blood gas)
```
248
What does glossopharyngeal send parasympathetic to?
Parotid gland (increase saliva production)
249
Where does glossopharyngeal receive special sensory from?
Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
250
Where does glossopharyngeal receive somatic sensory from?
Pharynx
Middle ear
Posterior 1/3 tongue
251
What does spinal accessory send somatic motor to?
SCM
| Trapezius
252
How does the spinal accessory n enter the cranial cavity?
Foramen magnum
253
How does the spinal accessory n exit the cranial cavity?
Jugular foramen
254
What does the vagus n provide somatic motor to?
Pharynx m. (NOT STYLOPHARYNGEUS)
Larynx m.
Soft palate m. (NOT TENSOR VELI PALATINI)
255
What does the vagus n provide somatic sensory to?
Pharynx
External acoustic meatus
Tongue near epiglottis
256
What does the vagus n get special sensory from?
Taste of tongue near epiglottis
257
What does the vagus get visceral sensory from?
```
Aortic body chemoreceptors
Esophagus
Larynx
Trachea
Thoracic and abd viscera to left colic flexure
```
258
What does the vagus n send parasympathetic motor to?
Thoracia and abd viscera to L colic flexure
259
Where are the pontine nuclei located?
Ventral region of pons
260
Where is the reticular formation located in the medulla?
Dorsal region
261
Where is the reticular formation located in the pons?
Ventral region
262
Where is the reticular formation located in the midbrain?
Middle region
