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Gross Anatomy > Exam 3 Abdomen > Flashcards

Exam 3 Abdomen Flashcards

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1
Q

The organs contained in the foregut are…

A
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
  • Spleen
  • Proximal duodenum
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2
Q

The organs contained within the midgut are…

A
  • Distal duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
  • Cecum
  • Appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Proximal transverse colon
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3
Q

The organs contained within the hindgut are…

A
  • Distal transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
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4
Q

Parietal peritoneum has same somatic afferents as…

What does mean for sensitivity?

A
  • body wall
  • Same sensitivities as skin, maps as well-localized dermatomes
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5
Q

Visceral peritoneum visceral afferents follow…

What does this mean for sensitivity?

A
  • sympathetic pathway back to spinal cord
  • Poorly localized pain across broad levels
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6
Q

The retroperitoneal organs of the abdomen are…

A
  • Suprarenal glands
  • Pancreas (except head)
  • Kidneys
  • Duodenum (except proximal portion)
  • Ascending colon
  • Descending colon
  • Aorta
  • IVC
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7
Q

Greater omentum

  • Where does it attach?
  • What does it cover?
  • What ligaments comprise it?
A
  • Attached to greater curvature of stomach
  • Drapes across entire abdominal cavity and separates organs from abdominal cavity
  • Gastrophrenic ligament, gastrosplenic ligament, gastrocolic ligament
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8
Q

Coronary ligament

  • Function
  • What 2 other ligaments comprise it?
  • What is the bare area and what does it mean clinically?
A
  • Suspends liver from diaphragm
  • Right and left triangular ligaments make up lateral portion where ligament and peritoneum reflects back on itself
  • Bare are is large patch of liver without peritoneum
    • Potential site for spread of infection from abdomen to thoracic cavity
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9
Q

Falciform ligament

  • Function
A
  • Anchors liver to anterior abdominal wall
  • Separates liver into right and left lobes
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10
Q

Mesentery proper

  • Function
  • Why highly vascularized
A
  • Anchors jejunum and ileum to posterior abdominal wall
  • Highly vascular for the absorption of nutrients
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11
Q

Mesocolon

  • Function
  • What does it connect to?
A
  • Anchors organ to posterior abdominal wall
  • Transverse colon (transverse mesocolon), sigmoid colon (sigmoid mesocolon), appendix (mesoappendix)
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12
Q

Lesser omentum

  • What is it connected to?
  • What components make it up?
A
  • Connects from inferior liver to lesser curvature of stomach and proximal duodenum
  • Comprised from hepatoduodenal ligament and hepatogastric ligament
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13
Q

What is contained within the hepatoduodenal ligament?

A

Portal triad

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14
Q

Omental bursa (lesser sac)

  • Where is it located?
  • What is the opening called?
A
  • Located behind lesser omentum
  • Opening is epiploic foramen
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15
Q

Where is the celiac trunk located?

A

Just below the aortic hiatus

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16
Q

What organs does the celiac trunk supply?

A
  • Distal esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Spleen
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
  • Proximal duodenum
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17
Q

Branches of the celiac trunk and their branches.

A
  • Common hepatic artery
    • Right gastric artery
    • Gastroduodenal artery
      • Right gastro-omental artery
      • Superior pacreaticoduodenal artery
    • Proper hepatic artery
      • Right and left hepatic arteries
  • Left gastric artery
    • Esophageal arteries
  • Splenic artery
    • Short gastric arteries
    • Left gastro-omental artery
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18
Q

Stomach

  • Function
  • Parts
  • Arterial supply
A
  • Temporary storage of bolus, secretes gastric joices, forms chyme
  • Parts: Fundus, body, cardia, pylorus, lesser curvature, greater curvature
  • Arterial supply:
    • Left and right gastric arteris supply lesser curvature
    • Left and right gastro-omental arteries supply greater curvature
    • Short gastric arteries
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19
Q

Spleen

  • Function
  • Location
  • Arterial supply
A
  • Lymphatic organ, recycles RBCs
  • Located posterolateral to body of stomach between ribs 9-12
  • Arterial supply: Splenic artery
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20
Q

Liver

  • Function
  • Location
  • Lobes
  • Arterial Supply
A
  • Peforms critical metabolic functions, stores glycogen, produces bile
  • Occupies most of RUQ
  • Lobes: Right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe, quadrate lobe
    • Can also be divided into eight independent segments that can be resected without compromising other lobes
  • Arterial supply: Common hepatic -> proper hepatic -> right and left hepatic arteries
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21
Q

Portal-Systemic Anastomoses

  • What is the purpose of these?
  • Where are they located?
  • What can happen when things go wrong?
A
  • Offer alternate route for venous drainage should liver become compromised.
  • Located at esophageal veins, paraumbilical veins, colic veins, and rectal veins
  • Can become engorged if there is pressure build up in portal venous system
    • Can cause esophageal varices, caput medusae, or hemorrhoids
    • Can also cause ascites (edema in visceral tissues)
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22
Q

Passage of bile from liver into duodenum.

Know how gallbladder fills with bile.

A
  • Bile leaves the liver through: right and left hepatic ducts
  • It then enters the common hepatic duct
  • Common hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct to form common bile duct
  • Common bile duct merges with pancreatic duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla
  • Bile and pancreatic juices empty into duodenum through major duodenal papilla
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23
Q

Gallbladder

  • Function
  • Arterial Supply
A
  • Stores and concentrates bile
    • Can develop gallstones from crystallization of cholesterol and bile salts in gallbladder
    • Releases bile in response to chyme in duodenum
  • Supplied by cystic artery
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24
Q

Cystohepatic Triangle (of Calot)

  • Borders
  • Contents
Study These Flashcards
A
  • Lateral border: cystic duct
  • Inferior border: common hepatic duct
  • Superior border: inferior portion of liver
  • Contains cystic artery and Lund’s node
25
**Portal Triad** * Where is it contained? * What is it?
* Contained within hepatoduodenal ligament * Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and common bile duct
26
**Lymphatics of Foregut** What is the path of lymph in the foregut?
* Pyloric nodes and splenic nodes drain into celiac nodes * Celiac nodes drain into cisterna chyli that then drains into thoracic duct
27
* Sympathetic innervation of foregut * Parasympathetic innervation of foregut * What forms autonomic plexuses?
* Sympathetic: Thoracic splanchnic nerves, Lumbar splanchnic nerves * Synapse in celiac ganglion * Parasympathetic: Vagus nerves * Postganglionic sympathetic fibers blend with parasympathetic (preganglionic) fibers to form autonomic plexuses that follow arteries to target organs
28
The organs that the superior mesenteric artery supplies are...
* Distal duodenum * Pancreas * Jejunum * Ileum * Appendix * Cecum * Ascending colon * Transverse colon (proximal 2/3)
29
**Pancreas** * Function * Location * Parts * Relationships
* Function: Digestion and endocrine organ * Location: Retroperitoneal between spleen and duodenum * Parts: Tail (articulates with spleen) * Body * Neck * Head (lies within "C" of duodenum) * Uncinate process (behind SMA and SMV) * Main panacreatic duct merges with common bile duct at hepatopancreatic ampulla. * Pancreatic juices released into duodenum via major duodenal papilla * Accessory pancreatic duct empties into duodenum via minor duodenal papilla
30
**Duodenum** * Function * Location * Arterial supply * Parts and relationships * Internal structures
* Major site of chemical digestion: chyme mixes with pancreatic juices and bile * Continuation of stomach and leads to jejunum * Supplied by branches of celiac trunk and SMA * Parts: Superior: anchored to liver via hepatoduodenal ligament * Descending: nestles head of pancreas * Horizontal: nestles uncinate process of pancreas * Ascending: anchored to diaphragm via suspensory ligament * Internal structures: * Duodenal cap smooth (following pyloric sphincter) * Plicae circulares: folds of mucosa that aid in digestion * Major and minor duodenal papilla
31
Hepatic portal vein is formed by junction of what two veins?
1. Splenic vein 2. Superior mesenteric vein
32
Branches of the superior mesenteric artery
* Right colic artery * Middle colic artery * Ileocolic artery * Appendicular artery * \*\*\* Marginal artery supplied by right, middle, and ileo-colic arteries * Inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries * Intestinal arteries
33
**Jejunum** * Function * Location * Arterial supply * Identifying features
* Majority of nutrient absorption * Intraperitoneal, continuation of duodenum to ileum * Anchored by mesentery proper * Anchored to posterior abdominal wall via oblique root * Supplied by intestinal arteries of SMA (arterial arcades -\> vasa recta) * ID features: Tall plicae circulares * Few, wide arcades * Long vasa recta * Larger diameter
34
**Ileum** * Function * Location * Arterial supply * Identifying features
* Majority of nutrient absorption * Intraperitoneal, continuation of duodenum to cecum * Anchored by mesentery proper * Anchored to posterior abdominal wall via oblique root * Supplied by intestinal arteries of SMA (arterial arcades -\> vasa recta) * ID features: Few plicae circulares * Many small arcades * Short vasa recta * Peyer's patches (lymphoid nodules)
35
**Large Intestine** * Function * Location * Parts * Arterial supply
* Absorption of water and vitamins; storage and compaction of feces * Transverse colon and sigmoid colon intraperitoneal * Ascending and descending colon retroperitoneal * Frames small intestines * Anchored by transverse mesocolon * Parts: Cecum, Colon, Rectum * Appendix off cecum * Proximal 2/3 supplied by SMA, distal 1/3 supplied by IMA
36
Colon can be further divided into which parts?
* Ascending colon * Transverse colon * Hepatic flexure * Splenic flexure * Descending colon * Sigmoid colon
37
**Appendix** * Function * Location * Arterial supply
* Abundant lymphoid tissue * Intraperitoneal off cecum * Anchored by mesoappendix * Supplied by appendicular artery
38
Internal structures of large intestine
* Plicae semilunares * Form haustra * Taenia coli: 3 bands of longitudinal mm
39
Lymphatics of midgut
* Lacteals carry dietary lipids to bloodstream and liver * Superior mesenteric nodes drain into cisterna chyli -\> thoracic duct
40
Innervation of midgut
* Sympathetic: Thoracic splanchnic nerves * Synapse in superior mesenteric ganglion * Parasympathetic: Vagal trunks
41
Branches of inferior mesenteric artery
* Left colic artery * Drains into marginal artery * Sigmoid arteries * Superior rectal artery
42
The inferior mesenteric vein drains into...
the splenic vein that then drains into the hepatic portal vein
43
Lymphatics of the hindgut
Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes drain into the cisterna chyli -\> thoracic duct
44
Innervation of hindgut
* Sympathetic: Lumbar splanchnic nerves * Synapse in inferior mesenteric ganglion * Parasympathetic: Pelvic splanchnic nerves
45
Organs that are retroperitoneal are...
* Duodenum (except proximal portion) * Pancreas (except head and uncinate process) * Ascending colon * Descending colon * Kidneys * Ureters * Suprarenal glands * Abdominal aorta * IVC * Posterior wall muscles
46
Retroperitoneal space bordered by...
* Anterior border: parietal peritoneum * Lateral border: transversalis fascia * Posterior border: investing layers of thoracolumbar fascia
47
**Suprarenal Glands** * Parts * Function * Location * Shape * Arterial Supply
* Parts: Capsule, Cortex, Medulla * Function: Cortex produces coricosteroids and andgrogens * Medulla: produces catecholamines * Also site of preganglionic sympathetic fiber synapse * Location: Superior to kidneys * Right Suprarenal: Pyramid shaped * Left Suprarenal: Crescent shaped * Supplied by: Superior suprarenal a (off inferior phrenic a) * Middle suprarenal a (off aorta) * Inferior suprarenal a (off renal a)
48
**Kidneys** * Function * Location * Parts * Arterial Supply
* Function: Excretion of wastes and excess solutes, resorption of nutrients, *_Critical_* role in blood volume and pressure, produces urine * Located posterior to peritoneal organs * Left kidney shielded by ribs 11 and 12 * Right kidney lower and covered only by rib 12 * Parts: Renal sinus- passage for renal a/v, ureter, nerves and lymphatics * Cortex (majority of nephrons): stretch into medulla through renal columns * Medulla: renal pyramids that drain into renal papilla * Minor calyx: merge to form major calyces * Major calyx: drain into renal pelvis * Renal pelvis: drains into ureter * Arterial Supply: Renal arteries (Right renal a longer than left due to IVC)
49
**Ureters** * Function * Sites where kidney stones can become lodged * Arterial Supply
* Carries urine from kidneys to urinary bladder * Kidney stones can become lodged where ureter narrows: * As it courses medially to run along lumbar vertebrae * Where it crosses iliac arteries * Where it enters the urinary bladder posterolaterally * Arterial Supply: Ureteral a (off renal and gonadal aa)
50
Lymphatics of retroperitoneal space
Lumbar nodes drain into cisterna chyli
51
**Quadratus lumborum** * Proximal Attachment * Distal Attachment * Innervation * Action
* Proximal Attachment: Iliac crest * Distal Attachment: 12th rib, L1-L4 * Innervation: T12, L1-L4 * Action: Lateral bending
52
**Psoas major** * Proximal Attachment * Distal Attachment * Innervation * Action
* Proximal Attachment: Transverse process/body of T12-L5 * Distal Attachment: Lesser trochanter of femur * Innervation: Lumbar plexus * Action: Flex and rotate hip * Laterally bend and flex trunk
53
**Iliacus** * Proximal Attachment * Distal Attachment * Innervation * Action
* Proximal Attachment: lliac fossa * Distal Attachment: Lesser trochanter of femur * Innervation: Femoral nerve * Action: Flex and laterally rotate hip
54
**Psoas minor** * Proximal Attachment * Distal Attachment * Innervation * Action
* Proximal Attachment: Body of T12-L1 * Distal Attachment; Iliopectineal arch * Innervation: Lumbar plexus * Action: Weakly flexes trunk * \*\*\*Absent in 50% of people
55
**Diaphragm** * Proximal Attachment * Distal Attachment * Innervation * Action
* Proximal Attachment: Ribs 7-12, costal cartilage, xiphoid, L1-L3 * Distal Attachment: Central tendon * Innervation: Phrenic nerve * Action: Depresses floor of thoracic cavity, compresses abdominal cavity
56
* What are the three ligaments of the diaphragm (excluding central tendon)? * What passes through each ligament?
* Lateral arcuate ligament: passage of quadratus lumborum and subcostal neurovasculature bundle * Medial arcuate ligament: passage of psoas major and sympathetic trunk * Median arcuate ligament: forms aortic hiatus
57
Where are the three openings of the diaphragm and what passes through each?
* Caval foramen: at T8, IVC passes through here * Esophageal hiatus: at T10, esophagus and vagal trunks pass through here * Aortic hiatus: at T12, aorta and thoracic duct pass through here
58
Autonomic innervation of retroperitoneal space
* Sympathetic: via lumbar splanchnic nn from paravertebral ganglia * Only grey rami communicans present below L2 * Parasympathetic: some from vagal trunks, also from pelvic splanchnic nn
59
What is posterior to the superior duodenum?
* Common bile duct * Gastroduodenal artery * SMA * SMV * IVC * Aorta * Neck of the pancreas

Gross Anatomy (21 decks)

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