Exam 3 Bio

Question 1

how many bones in the body

Answer 1

206

Question 2

what is bones primary purpose

Answer 2

structure and protection

Question 3

what is the difference between compact and spongy bones

Answer 3

spongy - very porous
compact - hard and non-porous

Question 4

what are the three types of cartilages and characteristics

Answer 4

1. hyaline - commonest, trachea
2. fibrous - discs between vertebrae
3. elastic - flexible, ear lobe

Question 5

what are the five joints

Answer 5

1. ball and socket into concave sic - hip and shoulder
2. hinge - spool-shaped - elbow, knee
3. pivot - rotation movement atlas - axis
4. fibrous - between skull bones (suture)
5. cartilaginous - between vertebral disc

Question 6

what does ossification mean

Answer 6

gradual hardening of bones

Question 7

is bone a living tissue

Answer 7

yes, it is constantly growing

Question 8

can you tell the sex and approximate age from skeletal remains

Answer 8

yes
sex by the pelvic bones will be wider for women
age by shape and tissue

Question 9

what is the purpose of the atlas and the axis

Answer 9

atlas rotates on axis

Question 10

What are the functions and characteristics of the skin?

Answer 10

Functions: senses, waterproof, protection
Characteristics: weighs about 6 pounds, elastic, waterproof

Question 11

is the skin a non-selective or selective excretory organ?

Answer 11

non-selective

Question 12

how does the skin aid in body temperature?

Answer 12

Vasoconstriction: cold shrink
Vasodilation: heat spread/stretch

Question 13

know the characteristics of the epidermis and dermis

Answer 13

epidermis: outer layer, five layers, keratinization(flattening cells)
dermis: inner layer, vessels, glands and nerves, fingerprints

Question 14

What are melanocytes?

Answer 14

cells in pigmentation

Question 15

what are chromatophores

Answer 15

holds color or dye (tattoos)

Question 16

which layer of skin does mitosis occur?

Answer 16

epidermis

Question 17

what is keratinization?

Answer 17

the flattening and drying of cells closer to the outer layer of the skin

Question 18

what is the role of eliedin in the keratinization process

Answer 18

to be a protective skin oil

Question 19

what does ‘epidermal derivative’ mean as it relates to nails and hair

Answer 19

they continue to grow

Question 20

what is the difference between determinant and indeterminant hair?

Answer 20

determinant: grows to certain length then stops(body hair)
indeterminant: grows indefinitely (hair on head)

Question 21

what are the three types of nerve endings and what do they sense?

Answer 21

1. Bare/naked - sense pain, and temperature
2. Meisserners corpuscles - deep touch
3. Pacinian corpuscles - pressure receptors

Question 22

What is the difference between first, second and third degree burns?

Answer 22

1. First degree: epidermis only, death if over 2/3 of body
2. second degree: into but not through the dermis
3. Third degree: epidermis and dermis destroyed, into underlying tissue

Question 23

what are the two dangers burn victims face?

Answer 23

1. loss of water - plasma protein
2. bacteria infection and loss of blood circulation

Question 24

What is the difference between somatic and autonomic nerve tracts?

Answer 24

Somatic: away from skin, receives signals from skin and passes them to CNS
Autonomic: to skin, from CNS to the skin

Question 25

What is the difference between Holocrine and Apocrine Glands?

Answer 25

Holocrine: They bud, burst, and are destroyed. secrete oil Apocrine: Release sweat and lactation and do not get destroyed

Question 26

what is the difference between synergism and antagonism?

Answer 26

antagonism: generally has two muscles that work in opposition to one another. (flexor and extensor)(straightening arm) synergism: small muscles that modify the movement of larger muscles(picking up a pebble)

Question 27

Characteristics of Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

Answer 27

Skeletal: attached to the bone, voluntary, conscious control Smooth: involuntary, no conscious awareness, makes up hollow organs, lining of blood vessels Cardiac: muscle of the heart

Question 28

What are some differences between smooth and skeletal muscle?

Answer 28

Skeletal: contracts in response to stimuli from the EXTERNAL environment, single innervation, rapid contractions Smooth: contracts in response to stimuli from the INTERNAL environment, double innervation, slow and drawn out contractions

Question 29

what is 'tone' and how does the stretch affect smooth muscle

Answer 29

tone: smooth muscle is always in a state of partial contraction. it increases its contractions in response to stretch

Question 30

what is the role of acetylcholine

Answer 30

it is a neurotransmitter that changes the membrane of the muscles so they are permeable to sodium

Question 31

what is the role of sodium ions

Answer 31

in the depolarization process they go into the muscle and they reduce the difference to 0

Question 32

what is the role of cholinesterase

Answer 32

it destroys Ach to restore polarity

Question 33

what is the difference between the absolute refractory period and the relative refractory period?

Answer 33

Absolute: no additional stimulation and can produce a twitch Relative: strong stimulus will initiate another contraction

Question 34

why is it impossible to fatigue smooth muscle?

Answer 34

cant fatigue them because they have a very long refractory period

Question 35

how do curare, an ACH imitator, and a cholinesterase blocker affect the myoneural junction

Answer 35

they both act as blockers. curare inactivates Ach so no impulse is generated.

Question 36

what is the role of Ca++ in the sarcomere?

Answer 36

the role of Ca++ in sarcomere is to provide anaerobic energy

Question 37

what is the role of Ca++ in the t tube

Answer 37

the t tube gets impulses and the after they relax they pull in Ca++

Question 38

what role does Ca++ have with ATP

Answer 38

the ATP is needed to pull Ca++ back to muscle stays contracted

Question 39

to what percentage of relaxed length can a skeletal muscle maximally contract?

Answer 39

70% of its length

Question 40

what is the muscle spindle (golgi tendon structure)? and what is its purpose?

Answer 40

it is used to prevent muscles from tearing loose. it comes from the CNS (baby learning to walk and dropping down the first few times is that)