oMidterm Study Guide

Question 1

what is a dietary essential for one or more species of animal

Answer 1

nutrients

Question 2

Describe the 3 characteristics of the simple non-ruminant animal

Answer 2

1. one stomach
2. pouch-like non compartmentalized
3. enzymes in GI

Question 3

what are the three segments of the small intestine and their functions?

Answer 3

1. duodenum - bile + juice from pancreas absorb nutrients
2. Jejunum - absorbs sugars, Amino Acids, and fatty acids
3. ileum - absorbs any remaining nutrients and B12 specifically

Question 4

what are the two functions of the liver

Answer 4

1.filter blood
2. bile release

Question 5

what is the function of the gizzard

Answer 5

break down food in birds

Question 6

what is digested in the rumen

Answer 6

soluble sugars and starch

Question 7

describe rumination

Answer 7

chewing cud

Question 8

if you look at the inside of the reticulum what is the most distinguishing feature?

Answer 8

honey comb

Question 9

which compartment of the stomach compartment is called the butcher’s bible? Why is it called this?

Answer 9

omasum because of all of its folds that break down food

Question 10

what is the true stomach compartment of the ruminant called?

Answer 10

abomasum

Question 11

what are two advantages of ruminant digestion

Answer 11

1. rumen microbes used as protein
2. breaks down food more and easier

Question 12

what is a disadvantage of ruminant digestion

Answer 12

slow digestion of poor forages

Question 13

What is the pseudo ruminant that we talked about in class

Answer 13

hippo

Question 14

which animal is a colon fermenter

Answer 14

horse

Question 15

describe how feed is processed through ruminant animal mouth to rectum

Answer 15

mouth, rumen, back to mouth(cud), rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

Question 16

What is body maintenance

Answer 16

no gain or loss. maintain body state

Question 17

maintenance functions have first priority for nutrients. what are the maintenance functions?

Answer 17

1. water balance
2. body repair
3. body temp regulation
4. organ function

Question 18

approximately what % of feed is used to fill maintenance requirement

Answer 18

about 50%

Question 19

if a steer weighs 1000 pounds how much would you have to feed to maintain the steer

Answer 19

25.5 pounds. 500 x 3% = 15 x 1.7 = 25.5

Question 20

when considering growth, what has to be fed to promote muscle growth?

Answer 20

protein

Question 21

minerals are needed for proper bone growth, what 2 minerals are needed and their sources?

Answer 21

1. Calcium - legumes
2. Phosphorus - grains

Question 22

why is iodine needed for growth

Answer 22

to prevent goiter

Question 23

why is selenium needed for growth

Answer 23

white muscle disease

Question 24

why is vitamin D needed for growth

Answer 24

Bone Growth

Question 25

What is fattening?

Answer 25

storing excess energy in fat

Question 26

how much energy is needed to produce a pound of fat versus muscle

Answer 26

2.25 x as much energy

Question 27

poorly fed or overly fat female may have trouble with

Answer 27

reproduction / lactation

Question 28

when are nutrient requirements the greatest in fetal growth

Answer 28

last trimester

Question 29

why is the need for protein greater when the animal is lactating

Answer 29

milk is high in protein

Question 30

all proteins are composed of a substance called

Answer 30

amino acids

Question 31

amino acids can either be ______ or ________

Answer 31

essential; nonessential

Question 32

which amino acids must be provided in an animals diet

Answer 32

essential

Question 33

all amino acids contain this substance and all proteins contain this too

Answer 33

nitrogen

Question 34

what are two sources of protein found in plants

Answer 34

1. soybean meal 2. alfalfa hay

Question 35

what is composed of simple sugars such as glucose

Answer 35

carbohydrates

Question 36

what are fats that are usually of animal origin

Answer 36

lard

Question 37

which minerals are required in large quantities

Answer 37

macrominerals

Question 38

which minerals are required in small quantities

Answer 38

microminerals

Question 39

which vitamin can be synthesized if animals are exposed to sunlight

Answer 39

vitamin D

Question 40

vitamins are classified into two groups, what are they

Answer 40

1. fat soluble 2. water soluble

Question 41

all animals require energy, what it is used for

Answer 41

locomotion and themroregulation

Question 42

what two things provide the most energy in a feed

Answer 42

1. carbohydrates 2. fats

Question 43

because we cannot accurately determine the nutrient composition of feed what must we use?

Answer 43

approximate analysis

Question 44

what is digestibility of feed?

Answer 44

amount of nutrients absorbed in digestive tract

Question 45

what is Net Energy

Answer 45

energy in feed - energy in feces = net energy

Question 46

what is metabolizable energy

Answer 46

energy in feed - urine and feces

Question 47

what are roughages

Answer 47

high fiber - low energy hay, alfalfa

Question 48

what are concentrates

Answer 48

high energy - low fiber soybean meal, cottonseed hulls