Exam 3- Blood,kidney, and Renal/urinary system Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
What is the percentage of the kidney’s body weight
A
0.4%
2
Q
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
A
Nephron
3
Q
What is the percentage of nephrons found in the cortex?
A
80%
4
Q
What percentage of nephrons found in the medulla?
A
20%
5
Q
How many nephrons are found in one kidney?
A
1 million
6
Q
The glomerulus is created by?
A
afferent arteriole
7
Q
Blood travels away from the glommerulus via the?
A
efferent arteriole
8
Q
What part of the nephron completely surrounds the glomerulus?
A
Bowman’s capsule
9
Q
What is the renal corpuscle?
A
glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
10
Q
What part of the nephron controls the process of filtration?
A
Renal corpuscle
11
Q
What is the percentage of caridac output the kidney receives?
A
25%
12
Q
The three major buffer systems in our body
A
Phosphate, bicarbonate, Protein + phosphate + bicarbonate
13
Q
Common causes of acute tubular necrosis?
A
Low blood pressure and nephrotic drugs
14
Q
What hormone does the kidney produce that stimulates red blood cells?
A
Erythropoietin
15
Q
The main location where aneurysms form?
A
Circle of Willis
16
Q
Why do people with kidney disease have uncontrollable blood pressure
A
JG cells that regulate blood pressure in a kidney are not working properly
17
Q
Three areas in the body that need to have healthy vitamin D
A
Liver, skin, and kidney
18
Q
active form of vitamin D is made in what organ?
A
Kidney
19
Q
What is the outcome of untreated high potassium levels?
A
Cardiac arrest
20
Q
What is the outcome of low level potassium in people with kidney disease?
A
Hypokalemia which eventually leads to cardic arrest
21
Q
What is the waste that evaluates the health of the kidney?
A
Creatinine
22
Q
What are the two types of nephrons?
A
cortical and juxtamedullary
23
Q
What is the average number of afferent arterioles in each kidney?
A
1 million
23
Q
function of afferent arteriole
A
brings blood to every individual nephron
24
How many glomeruli are in each kidney?
1 million
25
What process does Renal corpuscle initiate in the kidney
Filtration
26
What are the four processes of the kidney?
filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion
27
function of efferent arteriole
where blood exits the intial portion of a nephron
28
What is net filtration pressure?
18 mm of Hg
29
What is the importance of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Most of the reabsorption of filtration happens, up to 80%
30
What percent of filtrate is reabsorbed?
99%
31
What percent of filtrate becomes urine?
1%
32
What is the most dangerous electrolyte in kidney disease?
Potassium
33
Where do you find macula densa?
found in distal convoluted tubules
34
What are the components of a nephron
a. Glomerulus (Afferent & Efferent arteriole)
b. Bowman's capsule
c. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
d. Loop of Henle
e. Distal Convoluted Tubule (Macula Densa found here)
f. Collecting duct
35
What is the major location of the antidiuretic hormone(A.D.H.)?
Collecting duct via aquaporins
36
What is the JG apparatus composed of?
macula densa and JG cells
37
function of JG cells
produce and secrete renin after stimulation of the macula densa
38
Where are JG cells located?
In the walls of the Afferent arteriole mostly.
39
Least vascular part of the medulla?
Renal papilla
40
Counter current multiplier exchange mechanism happens at what location?
Loop of Henle
41
What hormone is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of sodium?
Aldosterone
42
Where is aldosterone produced and secreted from?
Zona glomerulosa of the Adrenal cortex
43
Who stimulates the Zona Glomerulosa?
Angiotensin 2
44
How is Angiotensin 1 produced?
By the action of renin on Angiotensin
45
What organ produces angiotensin?
Liver
46
What hormone is responsible for the reabsorption of water from the Nephron?
Anti- diuretic hormone(A.D.H.)
47
Where is A.D.H produced?
Hypothalamus
48
Where is A.D.H secreted from?
Posterior pituitary gland
49
What is a glomerulus?
A tuft/structure of capillaries that are formed by the afferent arteriole
50
What are the cells that produce and secrete renin?
JG cells( Juxtaglomerular cells)
51
Up to 80% of the reabsorption of filtrate happens here
PCT(Proximal convoluted tubule)
52
The two major types of cells that do not have a defined nucleus?
Red blood cells and platelets
53
What is the most osmoreactive electrolyte in the blood?
Sodium
54
What is the most predominant protein found in the human blood?
Albumin
55
Where are most of the proteins in the human body produced?
Liver
56
What are the only cells in the body that produce antibodies?
Plasma cells
57
What are the main types of lymphocytes?
B lymphocytes ,T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells
58
What are the different types of white blood cells?
Neutrophils, lymphocytes,eosionphils, monocytes,basophils
59
What is the least abundant white blood cell?
Basophil
60
What is the predominant acid in the human body?
Carbonic acid
61
Where do you witness chloride shift?
All tissues except alveolar capillaries
62
Where do you witness reverse chloride shift?
Only in alveolar capillaries
63
What is the life span of red blood cells?
120 days
64
What is plasma?
Blood- Cells
65
What is serum?
Plasma- Clotting factors
66
What is the most common inherited clotting disorder?
Von Willebrand disease
67
What is the antidote of heparin?
Protamine sulfate
68
In what disorders is the renal corpuscle destroyed?
Hypertension and Diabetes mellitus
69
What is the largest white blood cell
Monocyte
70
What is the most predominant acid in the human body?
Carbonic acid
71
Where is the most carbon dioxide prodcued as a byproduct?
Krebs cycle
72
Where do you witness chloride shift?
All tissues except for aveolar capillaries
73
Where do you witness reverse chloride shift?
Only in alveolar capillaries
74
What is sodium bicarbonate used to treat?
Severe acidosis
75
What blood cell type that is related to anaphylatic shock?
Basophil
76
What blood cell type that is loaded with granules that contain histamines?
Basophil
77
What is a lymphocyte?
It is the overall manager of human immune system
78
How many lobes does a normal nuetralphil have?
2 to 5 lobes
79
In what conditions do eosinophils rise in the blood?
Severe allergies, parasitic infestations, and drug reactions
80
What test is an assessment of platelet function?
Bleeding time
81
What is the life span of platelets?
7 days
82
If someone overdoses on Aspirin,what will be the antidote of aspirin?
Blood transfusion over 7 days
83
What factor has to be present in the collagen for the platelets to exhibit the platelet plug?
Von Willebrand factor
84
What is bound to Von Willebrand factor?
Factor 8
85
What organ serves as the graveyard of the red blood cells?
Spleen
86
What is a hypersegmented neutrophil?
A neutrophil that has more than 5 lobes
87
What is hemoglobin broken into ?
Heme and globin
88
What substance is neither secreted or reabsorbed at the nephron?
Creatine and inulin
89
What does the macula densa sense?
The levels of sodium and other electrolytes
90
What are the three major processes that are involved in the creation of urine by the nephron?
Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
91
What is the only electrolyte that is a clotting factor?
Calcium
92
What is hemostasis?
Stoppage of bleeding
93
What are the only type of lymphocytes that are granulated?
Natural killer cells
94
What is the most abundant lymphocyte?
T lymphocyte
95
What lymphocyte is involved in humoral immunity?
B lymphocyte
96
What lymphocyte is involved in cell mediated immunity?
T lymphocyte
97
What is vasospasm?
Reflex mechanism to prevent further blood loss
98
What are the requirements to form a platelet plug?
Collagen and Von Willebrand factor
99
What test evaluates where clotting is occuring?
D-Dimer
100
Vitamin K is processed by what organ?
The liver
101
What clotting factors does Vitamin K produce?
Clotting factors 2,7,9, and 10
102
What is warfarin?
An anti-vitamin K medication
103
What does warfarin do?
blocks/inhibits the extrinsic pathway
104
What is an immediate source of clotting factors 2,7,9 and 10?
Fresh frozen plasma
105
What is the medication that can destroy a clot?
Tissue plasma activator
106
What are the steps of Hemostasis?
1.Vasospasm
2. Platelet plug
3. Clotting/coagulation
4.Clot retraction
5. Clot lysis
107
What is the life span of platelets?
7 days
108
What is the danger of aspirin?
Internal hemorrhage
109
A hypersegmented neutrophil is a sign of what?
A vitamin B12 and/or Folic acid deficiency
110
What is the normal pH of the blood?
7.35 to 7.45
111
What is the evaluation for the extrinsic pathway of coagulation?
Prothrombin time
112
What is the evaluation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation?
aPPT/PTT
113
What medication blocks the intrinsic pathway of coagulation?
Heparin
114
What medication blocks the extrinsic pathway of coagulation?
Wafarin/Coumadin
