Exam 3- Brain and Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the meninges from outer to innermost?
A
- Dura Matter 2. Arachnoid Matter 3. Pia Matter
2
Q
What do the meninges surround?
A
Brain/Spinal Cord
3
Q
What is the function of the meninges?
A
Protect nervous tissue
4
Q
What is the Dura Matter AKA and Compromised of?
A
- Tough Mother 2. Tough Fibrous Connective Tissue
5
Q
What are the folds of the brain derived from?
A
Dura Matter
6
Q
Where does the falx cerebri course/lie in? Function?
A
- Courses along the midsagittal plane/lies in the sagittal/ longitudinal fissure 2. Separates left and right cerebral hemispheres
7
Q
Where does the falx cerebelli course? Function?
A
- Courses along the midsagittal plane 2. Separates left and right hemispheres of the cerebellum
8
Q
Where does the tentorium cerebelli course/lie in? Function?
A
- Lies in a transverse plane/courses within the transverse fissure 2. Separates the cerebellum/cerebrum
9
Q
What appearance does the arachnoid matter take on when it dries out and what lies deep to it (what is contained here)?
A
- Spider web like 2. Subarachnoid Space (CSF)
10
Q
What is the pia matter AKA, and what is it directly adhered to?
A
- Small Mother 2. Brain/Spinal cord
11
Q
Function of the venous sinuses?
A
Drain the cranial cavity of deoxygenated blood, and used CSF
12
Q
Where is the superior sagittal sinus located, and how does blood flow through it?
A
- Superior margin of the flax cerebri 2. Deoxygenated blood flows from anterior to posterior along the midsagittal plane
13
Q
Where is the inferior sagittal sinus located, and where does it drain?
A
- Inferior margin of the flax cerebri 2. Straight Sinus
14
Q
Where is the straight sinus located, and where does it drain?
A
- Junction of the Falx Cerebri and Tentorium Cerebelli 2. Confluence of Sinuses
15
Q
Where is the confluence sinuses located, and where does it drain?
A
- “Internal” occipital protuberance 2. Transverse Sinuses
16
Q
What intersects at the confluence sinuses?
A
- Superior Sagittal Sinus 2. Straight Sinus 3. Transverse Sinuses
17
Q
Where are the transverse sinuses located, and where do they drain?
A
- External margins of the Tentorium Cerebelli 2. Sigmoid Sinuses
18
Q
Where do the sigmoid sinuses reside and where do they cary deoxygenated blood?
A
- Curve along the petrous portion of the temporal bone 2. Out of the cranial cavity through the Jugular Foramen (along with cranial nerves 9, 10, and 11)
19
Q
What does the sigmoid sinus become as it drains though the jugular foramen?
A
Internal Jugular Vein
20
Q
Where does the Internal Jugular Vein course, and what is it carrying and where is it carrying it to?
A
- Inferiorly through the neck 2. Deoxygenated blood back to the heart
21
Q
What are the 2 main arteries that supply blood to the cranial cavity?
A
- Internal Carotid 2. Vertebral
22
Q
Where do the internal carotid arteries ascend, and how do they enter the cranial cavity?
A
- Neck 2. Carotid Canal
23
Q
Where do the vertebral arteries ascend, and how do they enter the cranial cavity?
A
- Ascend through the neck by coursing through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae 2. Foramen Magnum
24
Q
What arteries come together to form the circle of willis?
A
- Internal Carotid 2. Vertebral
25
Describe the tract of the circle of willis.
1. Vertebral Arteries (come together to form) 2. Basilar Artery ( which bifurcates into the) 3. Left and right Posterior cerebral arteries (connects to the) 4. Posterior Communicating Arteries (which connects to the) 5. Internal Carotid Arteries (which quickly brach into the) 6. Middle Cerebral Arteries (and the) 7. Anterior Cerebral Artery (which are joined together by the) 8. Anterior Communicating Artery (completing the circle)
26
When the Anterior Cerebral Arteries branch out from the circle of willis, where do they course?
Course within the sagittal (longitudinal) fissure between the left and right cerebral hemispheres
27
What parts of the cranial cavity does the Anterior Cerebral Arteries supply?
Anterior and superior portions of the cranial cavity
28
When the Middle Cerebral Arteries branch out from the circle of willis, where do they course?
Within the lateral sulcus between the temporal lobe and parietal lobe
29
When the Posterior Cerebral Arteries branch out from the circle of willis, where do they course?
Transverse fissure between the cerebrum and cerebellum
30
What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum called?
1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Temporal 4. Occipital 5. Insula
31
What are the functions of the Frontal lobe of the cerebrum?
1. Cognitive Thinking 2. Organizing 3. Problem Solving 4. Personality - COPP ( the COPP of the brain)
32
What are the functions of the Parietal lobe of the cerebrum?
Right: Visual/Spatial information PROCESSING Left: Spoken/Written Language PROCESSING
33
What are the functions of the Temporal lobe of the cerebrum?
Both: PROCESSING ipsilateral auditory signals received from the vestibulocochlear nerves for hearing Right: Visual MEMORY (pictures/faces) Left: Verbal MEMORY (words/names)
34
What are the functions of the Occipital lobe of the cerebrum?
PRIMARY LOCATION for PROCESSING visual information received from the optic nerves (CN II)
35
What are the functions of the Insula lobe of the cerebrum?
Primitive motor movements
36
Where is the insula located?
Depths of the lateral sulcus
37
What is largest part of the brain?
Cerebrum
38
What are gyri and sucli?
Gyri are convolutions (bumps) of the cerebrum separated by sulci (grooves)
39
What separates the main lobes of the brain?
Various fissure, and LARGE sulci
40
What fissures/sulci have strict naming?
1. Longitudinal/Sagittal FISSURE 2. Central SULCUS - Basically only the Longitudinal/Sagittal Fissure must be called a fissure, and the rest can be called sulci
41
What does the Longitudinal (Sagittal) Fissure separate and what is it occupied by?
1. Left and right cerebral hemispheres 2. Falx Cerebri
42
What does the Transverse Sulcus separate and what is it occupied by?
1. Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum 2.Occupied by the tentorium cerebelli
43
What does the Lateral Sulcus separate?
Temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum
44
What does the Central Sulcus separate?
Separates the frontal from parietal lobe
45
What is the precentral gyrus, and where is it?
1. Primary motor cortex 2. Anterior to the central sulcus
46
What is the postcentral gyrus, and where is it?
1. Primary Sensory cortex 2. Posterior to the central sulcus
47
What is the function of the Corpus callosum?
Joins the right and left cerebral hemispheres
48
What are the distinct regions of the Corpus callosum?
1. Rostrum 2. Genu 3. Trunk 4. Splenium
49
What is the function of the thalamus?
Most important sensory relay center of the brain Not bolded: It relays incoming (afferent) nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the body to the cerebral cortex
50
What is the function of the Mammilary Bodies?
Process sensory information and control reflexes for chewing and swallowing
51
What is the Optic Chiasm?
Area of desiccation or crossing over for the optic nerve (CN II)
52
What is the function of the ventricles of the brain?
Spaces within the brain which are responsible for the production of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
53
What is the function of the choroid plexus, and where is it located?
1. Filters the CSF from the blood 2. In the ventricles
54
Not bolded: What does CSF contain?
1. Glucose sugar 2. Electrolytes 3. Trace elements necessary to drive the biochemical reactions carried out by the neurons of the brain
55
Where are the lateral ventricles located, and what are they separated by? How does the CSF produced in the lateral ventricle leave?
1. The Lateral Ventricles are housed within the corpus callosum 2. Separated from one another by a thin layer of tissue called the Septum Pellucidum 3. Interventricular Foramen of Monroe (drains into 3rd ventricle)
56
Where is the third ventricle located? How does CSF leave?
1. Between the two halves of the thalamus 2. Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius
57
What is the route of the Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius?
Passes through the center of the midbrain and drains CSF into the Fourth Ventricle
58
How does CSF leave the fourth ventricle? Where does the CSF go?
1. Three small openings within the Fourth Ventricle called the: 1. Foramen of Magendie (medial) 2/3.Foramina of Luschka (2 lateral) 2. Enters the subarachnoid space where it nourishes the brain and spinal cord.
59
Describe the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) flow.
1.Lateral ventricles -Interventricular foramen of Monroe 2.Third Ventricles -Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius 3.Fourth Ventricle -1 Foramen of Magendie -2 Lateral Foramina of Luschka 4. Subarachnoid space (bathes the brain and spinal cord).
60
What does the cerebellum connect with?
1. Midbrain 2. Pons 3. Medulla Oblongata
61
What are the hemispheres of the cerebellum, and what are they separated by?
1. Left/Right 2. Vermis (median)
62
What does the outer later of the cerebellum contain that can be seen in a cross section, and what are they separated by?
Folia which are separated by fissures
63
What is the white matter that is internal in the cerebellum called?
Arbor Vitae (tree of life)
64
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
1. Coordinating and smoothing muscular body movements Not bolded: 1. Regulating muscle tone 2. maintaining equilibrium
65
What structures make up the brainstem?
Midbrain, Pons and Medulla Oblongata
66
What part of the brain is the most "primitive" and controls vital bodily functions which are essential to life?
Brainstem
67
Where is the midbrain located, and what structure is contained within?
1. Between the thalamus and pons 2. Corpora Quadrigemina
68
What structures are further contained in the Corpora Quadrigemina?
4 elevations: 1. Superior Colliculi (2) 2.Inferior Colliculi (2)
69
What are the Superior Colliculi involved in?
Pathway of vision (eyes before ears)
70
What are the Inferior Colliculi involved in?
Pathway of hearing (eyes before ears)
71
What does the pons connect?
Right and left cerebellar hemispheres
72
What are the 2 functions of the pons?
1. Relaying nerve impulses from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum 2.Coordination of breathing movements of inspiration and expiration
73
What is the medulla oblongata directly continuous with, and what does it contain/function?
1. Spinal Cord 2. Several nuclei involved in regulation of vital body activities: 1. Respiration 2. Heart rate 3. Blood pressure
74
What is the hypothalamus responsible for?
1. Regulation of body temperature 2.Emotions via the release of “releasing and inhibiting hormones” Not Bolded: 1.Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism 2.Sleep wake cycles 3.Sexual activity
75
Where is the pineal gland located and what hormone doe sit secrete?
1. Along the internal surface of the brain 2. Melatonin
76
What is melatonin responsible for?
Regulating the Circadian Rhythms which regulate our sleep/wake cycles
77
What is another name for the pituitary gland, and where is it housed? What is the general function?
1. Hypophysis 2. Sella Turcica 3. To release hormones that regulate visceral bodily activities
78
What are the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
1. FSH 2. LH 3. ACTH 4. TSH 5. GH 6. PRL 7. MSH 8. Endorphins 
79
What are the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland?
1. Oxytocin 2. Vasopressin
80
In response the the release of TSH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, what hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?
1. Triiodothyronine (T3) 2. Thyroxine (T4)
81
What are the hormones T3, and T4 necessary for (secreted by the thyroid gland)?
1. Growth and neurological development in children 2. Increase the rate of metabolism throughout the body
82
What is the third hormone released by the thyroid gland? When is it released? Function?
1. Calcitonin 2. In response to INCREASED blood calcium concentrations 3. LOWERS BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS (by increasing bone deposition and by reducing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys)
83
In total what are the hormones released by the thyroid gland?
1. Triiodothyronine (T3) 2. Thyroxine (T4) 3. Calcitonin
84
How many parathyroid glands are there, and where are they located? What hormone do they release? When does it release this hormone? What is its function?
1. 4 2. Posterior surface of the thyroid gland 3. PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) 4. In response to DECREASED blood calcium concentrations 5. INCREASES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS (by stimulating osteoclast activity in bones (releasing calcium to the blood) and decreasing calcium excretion in the kidneys.)
85
Calcitonin and the Parathyroid hormone (PTH) are _____ of each other
opposite
86
Where are the adrenal glands located, and what do they consist of?
1. Above the kidneys 2. 1. Inner portion: Adrenal Medulla 2.Outer portion: Adrenal Cortex
87
What hormone is released by the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands, and from what stimulation is the hormone released? What is the function of these hormones?
1. Corticosteroids 2. In response to stress ACTH produced by the anterior pituitary stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce Corticosteroids 3. Up-regulate the metabolism throughout the body
88
What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?
1. Epinephrine (adrenalin) 2.Norepinephrine
89
What endocrine gland produces Epinephrine (adrenalin), and what is its function?
1. Adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands 2.Increase heart rate, respiration and metabolic activity during “fight or flight” responses.
90
In total what hormones do the adrenal glands produce (state which part).
1. Adrenal Cortex: 1. Corticosteroids 2. Adrenal medulla: 2. Epinephrine (adrenalin) 3. Norepinephrine
91
What gland is both and endocrine and exocrine gland?
Pancreas
92
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
Production of digestive enzymes (that are released into the small intestine to facilitate digestion)
93
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas? Function of these hormones?
Produces the hormones: 1. Insulin 2. Glucagon Which are responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels
94
In total what does the pancreas produce?
Exocrine: 1. Digestive enzymes Endocrine: 2. Insulin 3. Glucagon
95
What is the ovary? What does the ovary produce? What is the function of the hormones?
1. Female Gonad 2. Produces: 1. Eggs/ova 2. Estrogen 3. Progesterone 3. Stimulate the development of female reproductive organs and regulate the menstrual cycle.
96
What hormone do the testes secrete? Function?
1. Testosterone 2. Stimulates male reproductive organ development and the production of sperm
