Exam 4- Respiratory and Digestive Systems Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
What does the pharynx extend from?
A
Base of the skull to the esophagus
2
Q
How does the pharynx narrow?
A
From superior to inferior
3
Q
How many regions is the pharynx divided into?
A
3
4
Q
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior?
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
5
Q
What is the nasopharynx posterior to?
A
The nasal cavity
6
Q
What does the nasopharynx contain the opening to?
A
Eustachian Tube (auditory tube)
7
Q
What is the oropharynx posterior to?
A
The oral cavity
8
Q
What is the name of the structure that seperates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx? Describe it.
A
- Uvula
2. Midsagittal extension of tissue from the soft palate
9
Q
What is the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx called?
A
Oropharyngeal isthmus
10
Q
What is another name for the laryngopharynx
A
hypopharynx
11
Q
What does the laryngopharynx extend from?
A
From the upper border of the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage of the larynx
12
Q
What is the laryngopharynx continuous with inferiorly?
A
The esophagus
13
Q
Where is the larynx located?
A
Superior end of the trachea
14
Q
What is the larynx made out of?
A
Cartilage
15
Q
What is the function of the larynx?
A
It functions in vocalization, and protects the airway by forming a closure to the trachea during swallowing
16
Q
What cartilaginous tissues make up the larynx?
A
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
- Epiglottic cartilage
- Arytinoid cartilage***
- Corniculate cartilage***
**= not bolded
17
Q
What is the thyroid cartilage composed of?
A
2 cartilaginous plates called LAMINA which fuse together anteriorly
18
Q
When the 2 lamina fuse midsagittally what do they form?
A
- Laryngeal Prominence (Adams Apple)
2. Superior thyroid notch
19
Q
Describe the cricoid cartilage.
A
circular ring of cartilage (resembles a class ring)
20
Q
What do the cricoid cartilage form anteriorly? Posteriorly?
A
- Flat plate- LAMINA
2. narrow- ARCH
21
Q
What is the trachea also known as?
A
The windpipe
22
Q
What is the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage attached to? By what?
A
- Trachea (windpipe)
2. Cricotracheal ligament
23
Q
What is the function of the epiglottis?
A
opening and closing the laryngeal cavity upon swallowing
24
Q
What is the inferior end of the epiglottis known as?
A
Stalk or Petiolus
25
What does the stalk/petiolus of the epiglottis attach to midsagittaly?
Internal surface of the thyroid cartilage
26
What are the false vocal cords called?
Vestibular Folds
27
What are the true vocal cords called?
Ventricular Vocal Folds
28
What is the function of the vestibular folds?
Protective mechanism by closing the opening of the larynx during swallowing (no role in vocal production)
29
Where are the ventricular folds located?
inferior to the vestibular folds
30
What is the function of the ventricular folds? How is the accomplished?
1. Vocal Production
| 2. They are abducted and adducted by the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
31
What is the trachea composed of?
C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
32
Where does the trachea extend from?
Cricoid cartilage of the larynx to its point of bifurcation
33
What does the trachea bifurcate into?
2 primary bronchi
34
How long is the trachea?
15 cm
35
How many c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings is the trachea composed of?
16-20
36
What is posterior to the trachea?
The Esophagus
37
Where do the 2 primary bronchi enter the lungs?
At the hilus
38
The right primary bronchus is ____, _____, and ______ than the left. It forms a _____ acute angle with the _____.
1. Wider
2. Shorter
3. Straighter
4. Less
5. Trachea
39
How long is the right primary bronchus?
2.5 cm
40
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
41
How many secondary bronchi does the right primary bronchi divide into?
3 (one for each lobe of the right lung)
42
The left primary bronchus is _____, and ______ than the right. It forms a _____ acute angle with the _____.
1. Narrower
2. Longer
3. More
4. Trachea
43
How long is the left primary bronchus?
5 cm
44
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2
45
How many secondary bronchi does the left primary bronchi divide into?
2 (one for each lobe of the left lung)
46
What do the secondary bronchi of each bronchi divide into? What do they supply?
1. Tertiary Bronchi
| 2. Bronchopulmonary segments (specific regions of the lungs)
47
What are bronchopulmonary segments?
largest distinct areas within the lobes of the lungs
48
What are bronchopulmonary segments separated by?
by connective tissue septa that prevent the diffusion of air from one segment to another
49
What do tertiary bronchi further divide into?
Bronchioles
50
What is the main difference between bronchi and bronchioles?
bronchioles are much smaller and more numerous than bronchi
51
What do terminal bronchioles further divide into?
Respiratory Bronchioles
52
What are respiratory bronchioles?
Very short tubes composed of connective tissue and smooth muscle
53
What bud off of the respiratory bronchioles?
Alveoli
54
What does each respiratory bronchiole branch into/how many?
2-11 Alveolar Ducts
55
What branches off alveolar ducts?
1. Alveoli
| 2. Alveolar sacs (contain 2 or more alveoli)
56
What is the most conspicuous feature of the alveoli?
The presence of numerous capillaries adjacent to them
57
What makes up the respiratory membrane?
1. Alveolar wall
| 2. Capillary wall
58
What occurs through the respiratory membrane?
Gas exchange
59
What is the apex of the lung?
Rounded superior end (apex is at the bottom of the heart)
60
What are the 3 surfaces of the lungs?
1. Costal Surface
2. Diaphragmatic Surface
3. Medial Surface
61
What is the costal surface of the lungs adjacent to?
The thoracic wall:
1. Sternum
2. Ribs
3. Costal Cartilages
4. Intercostal muscles
62
What is the diaphragmatic surface surface of the lungs adjacent to?
Superior surface of the diaphragm
63
What is the medial surface of the lungs adjacent to?
Heart and other thoracic organs, and MEDIASTINUM
64
What surface of the lungs is the hilus located at?
Medial Surface
65
What is the mediastinum?
Central compartment of the thoracic cavity
66
*** What does the mediastinum contain?
1. Heart
2. Great vessels
3. Esophagus
4. Trachea
5. Phrenic nerve
6. Lymph nodes
7. Thymus
8. Thoracic duct
67
What are all structures entering or exiting the hills collectively called?
Root of the lung
68
What structures form the root of the lung?
1. Pulmonary Artery (1)
2. Pulmonary Veins (2)
3. Primary Bronchus (1)
69
How many fissures does the right lung have? What are their names?
1. 2
1. Horizontal/Transverse Fissure
2. Oblique Fissure
70
What are the names of the lobes of the right lung?
1. Superior lobe
2. Middle Lobe
3. Inferior Lobe
71
What does the horizontal fissure divide the right lung into?
Superior and Middle Lobes
72
What does the oblique fissure divide the right lung into?
Seperates inferior lobe
73
How many fissures does the left lung have? What are their names?
1 - Oblique Fissure
74
What are the names of the lobes of the left lung?
1. Superior lobe
| 2. Inferior Lobe
75
What is another feature distinct to the left lung? Describe it.
Lingula- anterior/inferior projection from the superior lobe
76
Histologically what is a serous membrane?
2 layered membrane:
1. Inner Mesothelium
2. Outer Connective tissue layer
77
What is the pleura membrane subdivided into according to location?
1. Parietal Pleura
| 2. Visceral Pleura
78
What does the visceral pleura cover?
- Directly covers the surface of the lungs at all points except the hilus
- Dips into the fissures that separate the lobes of the lungs
79
Describe the blood supply to the visceral pleura?
Rich blood supply
80
Describe the nerve fiber supply to the visceral pleura?
Very few.... Virtually insensitive to pain
81
Describe the blood supply to the parietal pleura?
Rich blood supply
82
Describe the nerve fiber supply to the parietal pleura?
Rich nerve supply... Very sensitive to pain
83
What does the parietal pleura line?
internal surface of the thoracic wall, diaphragm and mediastinum
84
How many parts can the parietal pleura be subdivided into? Name them.
4 Parts:
1. Cupular Pleura (CUPULA)
2. Costal Pleura
3. Diaphragmatic Pleura
4. Mediastinal Pleura
85
What does the Cupular Pleura (CUPULA) cover?
covers the apex of the lung
86
Where is the costal pleura adjacent to?
lies adjacent to the ribs
87
Where is the diaphragmatic pleura adjacent to?
approximates the diaphragm
88
Where does the mediastinal pleura lie?
lies on the medial surface of the lungs
89
What is the space between the parietal and visceral pleura called?
Pleural Cavity
90
What is the pleural cavity filled with? Describe its thickness.
1. Thin Film of Fluid
| 2. Capillary Thickness
91
What type of pressure is the pleural cavity filled with? What is the function of this pressure?
1. State of continuous negative pressure
2. This negative pressure keeps the visceral pleura (and thus lungs) adjacent to the parietal pleura (and thus thoracic wall and diaphragm)
92
What is the basis of breathing involving the pleural cavity?
Any movement in the thoracic wall and diaphragm will be reflected in a corresponding movement of the lung
-(due to the negative pressure in the pleural cavity keeping the parietal and visceral pleura adjacent to each other)
93
What happens if the negative pressure of the pleural cavity is lost? (such as with a chest wound)
The lungs will collapse because of its inherent elasticity
94
What is pneumothorax? What is the cause of this?
1. "air on the lung"
| 2. Loss of negative hydrostatic pressure between the parietal and visceral pleura
95
What can internal thoracic bleeding result in?
Hemothorax (blood on the lung)
96
What does the diaphragm receive its innervation from? What is this nerve derived from?
1. Phrenic Nerve
| 2. Cervical Spinal nerves C3,C4, and C5
97
What is the primary muscle involved with respiration?
The diaphragm
98
What happens upon contraction of the diaphragm?
1. Elevation of the rib cage
2. Inhalation/Inspiration
3. Diaphragm will flatten
99
When the diaphragm elevates the rib cage, what in turn happens?
increases the negative hydrostatic pressure between the parietal and visceral pleura.....thus forcing air into the lungs
100
What does the diaphragm separate?
Thorax and abdomen
101
Where does the diaphragm originate from?
1. Lower ribs
2. Vertebrae
3. Sternum
102
How many openings does the diaphragm present?
3
103
What are the 3 openings of the diaphragm, and at what level?
1. Caval Opening- T8
2. Esophageal Hiatus- T10
3. Aortic Hiatus- T12
104
What does the caval opening present the passageway for?
The inferior vena cava
105
What does the esophageal hiatus present the opening for?
The esophagus
106
What does the aortic hiatus present the opening for?
Descending aorta
107
How are abdominal muscles involved in respiration?
They are involved in forced expiration/exhaltion by depressing the rib cage and pushing upward on the diaphragm
108
What abdominal muscles are involved in respiration?
1. Rectus Abdominis
2. External oblique
3. Internal oblique
4. Transverse abdominis
109
How are thoracic wall muscles involved in respiration?
1. Inspiration/Inhalation
| 2. Expiration/Exhalation
110
What muscles of the thoracic wall are involved in respiration?
1. External Intercostals
2. Internal Intercostals
3. Innermost Intercostals
111
What is the digestive system also known as?
gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) or alimentary canal
112
How/where does digestion begin?
In the mouth via secretions from salivary glands
113
What do all salivary glands secrete?
Saliva
114
What enzyme does saliva contain? What is its function?
1. Salivary Amylase
| 2. Initiates the breakdown and digestion of starch
115
Name the different salivary glands.
1. Parotid Glands
2. Submandibular Glands
3. Sublingual Glands
116
Where are parotid glands located? What are they drained by?
1. Behind the cheek (external to ramus of mandible)
| 2. Parotid duct (of stensen***)
117
Where are submandibular glands located? What are they drained by?
1. Below the mandible
| 2. Submandibular duct (Wharton's duct***)
118
Where are sublingual glands located? What are they drained by?
1. Below the tongue
| 2. Sublingual ducts (of Bartholin and Rivinus***)
119
What is the esophagus?
Muscular tube for the passage of food
120
How long is the esophagus?
30 cm
121
What are the 3 regional parts of the esophagus?
1. Cervical Region
2. Thoracic Region
3. Abdominal Region
122
Where is the cervical region of the esophagus?
Neck/Posterior to the trachea
123
Where is the thoracic region of the esophagus?
1. Posterior to the trachea in the upper half of the thorax
| 2. Posterior to the heart in the lower half
124
Where does the thoracic region of the esophagus end?
After it transverses the esophageal hiatus at T10
125
Where does the abdominal region of the esophagus begin? End?
1. After it transverses the esophageal hiatus at T10
| 2. By joining the stomach at the Gastro-Esophageal junction
126
What is the stomach responsible for?
Breakdown of ingested foods
127
Where is the cardiac opening of the stomach located?
between the cavity of the esophagus and the cavity of the stomach (at the GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION)
128
What side is the lesser curvature of the stomach on?
Right Side
129
Where does the lesser curvature of the stomach extend form?
esophagus to the pyloric zone
130
Where is the greater curvature of the stomach located?
inferior on the left side of the stomach
131
Where does the greater curvature of the stomach extend form?
fundus to the inferior aspect of the pyloric zone
132
Where is the fundus of the stomach located?
Above the entrance to the esophagus
133
Where is the body of the stomach located?
Between the fundus and pyloric zone (main mass of stomach)
134
Where is the pyloric zone of the stomach located?
Distal end of the stomach
135
What is the pyloric zone of the stomach made of?
dense smooth muscle
136
What is the muscle surrounding the opening of the stomach and the first part of the small intestine called?
Pyloric Sphincter
137
What is contained within the internal surface of the stomach?
Gastric folds - Rugae
138
What is the function of Rugae?
greatly increases the surface area of the stomach to facilitate digestion
139
What are the digestive enzymes secreted from the internal tissues of the stomach?
1. Pepsin
2. Gastrin
3. Intrinsic Factor
140
What is the function of the enzyme pepsin?
digestion of proteins
141
What is the function of the enzyme gastrin?
stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl)
142
What is the function of the intrinsic factor?
Mediates absorption of vitamin B12
143
What is the greater omentum of the stomach attached to?
Greater curvature of the stomach
144
What is the composition of the greater omentum?
connective tissue embedded with adipose tissue
145
What is the function of the greater omentum?
The fat within it can be broken down and used as an energy source for cellular metabolism
146
Name the parts of the small intestine in order.
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
(DJ-IL)
147
What is the first part of the small intestine?
The Duodenum
148
Where does the duodenum extend from?
the pyloric sphincter to where it joins the jejunum
149
What shape is the duodenum?
c shaped
150
What does the duodenum receive duct drainage from?
1. Liver
2. Gall bladder
3. Pancreas
151
What segments are within the duodenum?
1. Superior part
2. Descending part
3. Horizontal Part
4. Ascending part
152
What part of the small intestine is the jejunum?
proximal 2/5ths
153
What part of the small intestine is the ileum?
distal 3/5ths
154
What are the digestive enzymes secreted by the small intestine?
1. Enterkokinase
2. Cholecystokinin
3. Secretin
155
What is the function of the enzyme enterkokinase?
Activates pancreatic enzymes
156
What is the function of the enzyme cholecystokinin?
1. Stimulates gall bladder contraction
| 2. Stimulates hepatic secretion of bicarbonate
157
What is the function of the enzyme secretin?
Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin
158
What is the ileocecal junction?
Junction between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine
159
Name the parts of the large intestine in order.
1. Cecum
2. Ascending colon
3. Hepatic Flexure
4. Transverse colon
5. Splenic flexure
6. Descending colon
7. Sigmoid colon
8. Rectum
160
What is the opening of the ileocecal junction called? What is it protected by?
1. Ileocecal opening
| 2. Ileocecal valve (formed by two folds)
161
What extends from the medial aspect of the cecum?
Vermiform Appendix (soft tissue appendage)
162
What is another name for the large intestine?
Colon
163
Where does the large intestine extend from?
ileoceal junction junction to the anus
164
What is the small intestine suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by?
Mesentery (fatty tissue rich is vascular supply)
165
What is the large intestine suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by?
Mesocolon
166
What is there peritoneum?
connective tissue which lines the abdominal cavity and its organs
167
What are the two layers of the peritoneum called? What does each line?
1. Parietal Peritoneum (abdominal wall)
| 2. Visceral Peritoneum (lines the surface of the organs)
168
What is the space between the peritoneal layers called? What does it contain?
Peritoneal Cavity (thin film of fluid)
169
What are the accessory abdominal organs?
1. Liver
2. Gallbladder
3. Pancreas
4. Spleen
170
What do the small and large intestine receive their blood supply from?
superior and inferior mesenteric arteries respectively
171
What do veins draining the small and large intestine contain?
carry blood which is deoxygenated yet, extremely rich in the nutrients absorbed through the intestinal walls
172
What do the mesenteric veins converge to form? Where do they enter? Where?
1. Hepatic portal vein
2. Liver
3. Porta Hepatis
173
Within the liver, how are the nutrients absorbed through the intestinal walls processed?
the sugars, amino acids and fats absorbed through the intestinal walls are processed into the energy currency needed to drive the body’s metabolism
174
What is the largest gland in the body?
Liver
175
Is the liver and endocrine or exocrine gland?
Exocrine
176
What does the liver produce?
Bile
177
Where and how is bile transferred?
Conveyed via the duct system to the duodenum
178
What are the four lobes of the liver?
1. Right Lobe
2. Left Lobe
3. Caudate Lobe
4. Quadrate Lobe
179
What are the two ligaments of the liver?
1. Coronary Ligament
| 2. Falciform Ligament
180
Where is the coronary ligament of the liver located?
superior border of the liver/attaches liver to diaphragm
181
Where is the falciform ligament of the liver located?
serrated the left and right lobe/attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
182
What is a distinct feature of the falciform ligament?
Contains the obliterated remnant of the umbilical cord
183
Where is gallbladder located?
visceral surface of the liver between the right lobe and quadrate lobe
184
What is the function of the gallbladder?
to store and concentrate bile
185
Upon ingestion of a meal what does the small intestine secrete and what is the function?
1. Cholecystokinin
| 2. Contraction of the gall bladder in turn releasing bile into the intestine
186
What is bile responsible for?
digestion and absorption of:
1. Fat
2. Fat soluble vitamins: ADEK
187
What are the 3 parts of the pancreas?
1. Head
2. Body
3. Tail
188
Where is the head of the pancreas located?
located in the concavity of the duodenum
189
Where is the body of the pancreas located?
courses from the head toward the left, posterior to the stomach
190
Where is the tail of the pancreas located?
Located at the upper left abdominal quadrant and approximates the spleen
191
Is the pancreas and exocrine or endocrine gland?
Both
192
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
Produces digestive enzymes that pass via the duct system to the duodenum
193
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
Produced insulin and glucagon- maintain blood glucose levels
194
Where is the spleen located?
Upper left abdominal quadrant
195
What is the function of the spleen?
1. Breaks down dead and dying RBC
| 2. Site of maturation of B and T lymphocytes of the immunes system
196
How does the spleen breaks down RBCS?
The heme groups from the red blood cells are transported to (and processed in) the liver in the form of bilirubin
197
What is the right half of the liver drained by?
Right Hepatic Duct
198
What is the left half of the liver drained by?
Left Hepatic Duct
199
What two ducts joint to make the common hepatic duct?
Right and Left hepatic duct
200
What is the gall bladder drained by?
Cystic Duct
201
What makes the common bile duct?
Common hepatic and cystic duct
202
What does the pancreatic duct drain?
digestive enzymes of the pancreas
203
What forms the hempatopancreatic ampulla of vater?
pancreatic duct and common bile duct
204
What does the hempatopancreatic ampulla of vater open to?
into the descending portion of the duodenum
205
Because of the duct system, the combined enzymatic secretions of what accessory organs enter the small intestine to facilitate digestion?
1. Liver
2. Gall Bladder
3. Pancreas
