EXAM #3: CH. 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, & 20

Question 1

the creation and execution of marketing mix strategies (production, pricing, promotion, and distribution) for products and services in the sport business industry to satisfy consumer wants and needs and achieve organizational objectives

Answer 1

sport marketing

Question 2

comprehensive strategic and tactical frameworks for identifying and achieving a sport organization’s marketing goals and objectives

Answer 2

marketing plans

Question 3

the elements of product, price, place, and promotion; sport marketers alter, modify, customize or manipulate these to achieve marketing goals and objectives

Answer 3

marketing mix

Question 4

the life span stages of a sport product: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline

Answer 4

product life cycle

Question 5

factors inside a sport organization that affect sport marketing (players, owners, team management, staff personnel)

Answer 5

internal factors

Question 6

factors outside of a sport organization that affect the sport marketing climate (media, corporate sponsors, advertisers, spectators, geography, culture, economy, federal regulations, regulations of sport governing bodies)

Answer 6

external factors

Question 7

a management technique available to sport marketers to help them assess the internal strengths and weaknesses of an organization and the external opportunities and threats that it faces

Answer 7

SWOT analysis

Question 8

the process of using a name, design, symbol, or any combination of the three to help differentiate a sport product from the competition

Answer 8

branding

Question 9

the process of identifying smaller and viable clusters of sport consumers who may exhibit similar wants, needs, and interests regarding sports

Answer 9

marget segmentation

Question 10

the acquisition of rights to affiliate or associate with a sport product or sporting event to derive benefits from the affiliation or association

Answer 10

sport sponsorship

Question 11

the collection of integrated activities that seek to communicate, inform, and ultimately persuade consumers to participate in the sport consumption activity, experience, or event

Answer 11

promotions mix

Question 12

when a company who has not paid a rights fee to become and official sponsor attempts to unofficially create an association with a sport property

Answer 12

ambush marketing

Question 13

the comprehensive way sport is distributed to consumers

Answer 13

place

Question 14

the systematic process of obtaining, analyzing, and interpreting data or information to evaluate and improve marketing practices

Answer 14

marketing research

Question 15

a portion of the population that is distinctive in terms of its needs, characteristics, or behavior

Answer 15

market segment

Question 16

a market segment identified as the focus of an organization’s marketing efforts

Answer 16

target market

Question 17

rewards given to a person by someone else

Answer 17

extrinsic rewards

Question 18

rewards received by a person from the experience itself

Answer 18

intrinsic rewards

Question 19

a distraction from a course or activity

Answer 19

diversion

Question 20

positive levels of arousal provided to sport spectators

Answer 20

eustress

Question 21

a group to which a person wishes to belong

Answer 21

aspirational reference group

Question 22

the influence arising from factors that are particular to a specific time and place and are independent of individual consumers’ characteristics

Answer 22

situational influence

Question 23

the perception of a difference between a desired state and the actual situation; the first stage of the decision-making process

Answer 23

need recognition

Question 24

consumers’ expectations about the attributes of a core product

Answer 24

consumer demand

Question 25

an indication of how well a delivered service conforms to the customer's expectations in terms of what the customer is receiving and how the service is delivered through the interaction between the customer and the service provider

Answer 25

service quality

Question 26

feelings of anxiety or doubt that can occur after an important decision has been made

Answer 26

cognitive dissonance

Question 27

consumer (fan, customer) created content (photo, video, written review) related to a product or service used

Answer 27

user-generated branding

Question 28

a process by which people in sport, in a sport setting or through a sport endeavor, share symbols as they create meaning through interaction

Answer 28

sport communication

Question 29

varied results of communication regarding its effect on audience members and society in general

Answer 29

effects

Question 30

depicts the dynamics of communication and the various settings in which communication occurs in sport

Answer 30

strategic sport communication model (SSCM)

Question 31

communication through printed publications such as sports sections in newspapers, sports magazines, and sport books

Answer 31

sport print communication

Question 32

the process by which a broadcast network, such as Fox Sports Go or HBO Now, delivers its content directly to a consumer through an Internet app. This delivery can eliminate the need for the consumer to subscribe to a cable or satellite provider.

Answer 32

over-the-top (OTT) delivery

Question 33

sport-specific use of web-based applications to share information, opinions, and experiences

Answer 33

sport social media

Question 34

sport-specific use of web-based applications in which the content (information, opinions, and experiences) is automatically deleted after a designated amount of time

Answer 34

sport ephemeral social media

Question 35

a managerial communication-based function that identifies key organizational publics and develops desirable relationships with those publics

Answer 35

sport public relations

Question 36

focuses on the promotion of charitable initiatives affiliated with the sport organization and the development of opportunities to directly engage with diverse stakeholders

Answer 36

community relations

Question 37

moving the management of facilities from the public sector to private companies or organizations

Answer 37

privatization

Question 38

owners of professional sport franchises receive subsidies from local, state, and federal taxpayers when the stadium is finances with government bonds. These bonds are issued at below-market interest rates and are paid for by the exemption of the bonds' interest income.

Answer 38

tax-exempt bonds

Question 39

securing and contracting one specific sport or entertainment event

Answer 39

booking

Question 40

a generic document that uses standard language and a fill-in-the-blank format to outline expectations between parties

Answer 40

boilerplate contract

Question 41

a systematic process used to provide an estimation of the revenue and expenses of an event

Answer 41

cost analysis

Question 42

a document that details all the requirements of an event

Answer 42

work order

Question 43

a document that divides event tasks into smaller, manageable tasks

Answer 43

work breakdown structure (WBS)

Question 44

a bar chart that displays the various tasks and the timeline in which they must be completed

Answer 44

Gantt chart

Question 45

a detailed schedule of the timing and sequence of the event elements

Answer 45

run sheet

Question 46

an illustration of where equipment or items are placed in the event venue

Answer 46

floor plan

Question 47

an illustration of how event attendees will move through a venue

Answer 47

floor diagram

Question 48

any exploitable facility security deficiency

Answer 48

vulnerability

Question 49

focused practice activities that place staff members in simulated incident scenarios and require them to function in the capacity expected of them in a real-world event

Answer 49

exercises

Question 50

a designated area where the command group (security team) controls the security functions by monitoring activities inside and outside the facility

Answer 50

command center

Question 51

reconciling the expenses and revenue of an event and dividing the profits according to a contracted arrangement

Answer 51

settlement

Question 52

detailed records that describe an event

Answer 52

documentation

Question 53

people influenced or affected by a particular decision

Answer 53

constituencies

Question 54

enactments made by a legislature and expressed in a formal document

Answer 54

statutes

Question 55

a legal case establishing a principle or rule that a court may need to adopt when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts; the term may also refer to the collective body of case law that a court should consider when interpreting the law

Answer 55

precedent

Question 56

literally "to stand by things decided." This principle expresses the notion that prior court decisions must be recognized as precedents, according to case law, and followed accordingly

Answer 56

stare decisis

Question 57

as it is embodied in the 5th and 14th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, due process ensures that a law shall not be unreasonable, arbitrary, or capricious and that the means selected for enforcing a law shall have a reasonable and substantial relation to the objective sought by the government

Answer 57

due process

Question 58

any action taken directly or indirectly by local, state, or federal government; any of its components or employees; or any private organization whose conduct is fairly attributable to the state

Answer 58

state action

Question 59

a civil wrong or injury for which the law permits a recovery. Typically, the wrong or injury is either a negligent act or an intentional act by one person that causes an injury to another person or his or her property

Answer 59

tort

Question 60

a cause that directly produces an event and without which the event would not have occurred

Answer 60

proximate cause

Question 61

the body of law derived from the judgments and decrees of the courts rather than those laws created by legislatures

Answer 61

common law

Question 62

proposal that clearly identifies the following terms: the parties to the agreement, the price to be paid, the time and method of payment, and the subject matter of the offer

Answer 62

offer

Question 63

unconditional assent to the terms of the offer

Answer 63

acceptance

Question 64

mutual exchange of value between the parties

Answer 64

consideration

Question 65

an elite multisport event created by the IOC to provide competitive opportunities to 15 to 18-year-olds in 28 summer sports and 7 winter sports. The inaugural summer YOG took place in 2010 in Singapore, and Innsbruck hosted the inaugural winter YOG in 2012.

Answer 65

Youth Olympic Games (YOG)

Question 66

a nonprofit, international, multisport federation responsible for the governance of the Olympic Movement and its premier events, the Olympic Summer and Winter Games, and the Youth Olympic Games. This federation works closely with National Olympic Committees (NOCs), International Sport Federations (IFs), and the organizing committees of the Olympic Games.

Answer 66

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

Question 67

A U.S. law that mandates equal opportunities for women and men in educational programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance

Answer 67

Title IX

Question 68

a unique economic and political partnership between 28 democratic European countries

Answer 68

European Union (EU)

Question 69

a nonprofit, international, multisport federation responsible for the governance of the Paralympic Movement and its premier events, the Paralympic Summer and Winter Games. The IPC promotes sport excellence for Paralympians.

Answer 69

International Paralympic Committee (IPC)

Question 70

an illegal activity in sport in which the outcome of the competition is predetermined and goes against the rules of sport; it is often motivated by gambling where bettors give money to players, coaches, or officials to arrange the outcome of the game

Answer 70

match fixing

Question 71

the condition of meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs; in the sport context, it is the strategic planning for addressing environmental issues related to all facets of a sport organization's operations

Answer 71

environmental sustainability

Question 72

an agreement negotiated in 1947 among 23 countries, including the U.S., to increase international trade by reducing tariffs and other trade barriers

Answer 72

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Question 73

a 1994 agreement reached by the U.S., Canada, and Mexico that instituted a schedule for the phasing out of tariffs and eliminated a variety of fees and other hindrances to encourage free trade among the three countries

Answer 73

NAFTA

Question 74

an illegal activity in sport that involves betting on aspects of a game (that are not related to the final outcome of the game) that are fixed such as the timing of the first throw-in in soccer or the timing of a ball's wide delivery in cricket; associated with cricket, soccer, and rugby

Answer 74

spot fixing

Question 75

the process of collecting and analyzing data; quantitative values given to represent defined actions

Answer 75

statistics

Question 76

a process that includes using information (data) to make informed choices about a set of options

Answer 76

decision making

Question 77

a numeric representation of an amoint

Answer 77

quantitative

Question 78

a process that includes the collection, storage, and distribution of data

Answer 78

data management

Question 79

software or hardware that can be used to determine the location of players or objects in a particular space (stadium, arena, court)

Answer 79

tracking technology

Question 80

the process of examining measurements and undertaking additional calculations

Answer 80

analysis

Question 81

an action or object that is measured, often at different (changed) points in time or positions

Answer 81

variables

Question 82

the process of forecasting future events

Answer 82

prediction

Question 83

a statistical analysis used to describe the relationship between one or more dependent and one or more independent variables

Answer 83

regression

Question 84

a formula named after Reverend Thomas Bayes (1701-1761) that can be used to predict the probability of an uncertain outcome

Answer 84

Bayes' rule

Question 85

the chance or likelihood that an event or action will occur

Answer 85

probability

Question 86

the price of a ticket that changes over time due to a variety of possible factors

Answer 86

variable ticket pricing

Question 87

the process of determining quality or value

Answer 87

measurement

Question 88

numbers or values provided as a measurement

Answer 88

metrics

Question 89

the process of altering the price of a ticket in response to changes in demand

Answer 89

dynamic ticket pricing