Exam 3 Ch 29

Question 1

Integument

Answer 1

outer covering of body. Protective wrapping that includes skin and all structure derived from (hair, horns, etc)

Question 2

Epidermis

Answer 2

part of invertebrate integument. principle covering, single layered. Some have cuticle over epidermis for extra protection.

Question 3

Syncytial Tegument

Answer 3

part of invertebrate integument. In flatworms, resistant to immune responses of host and digestion by host enzymes. Arthropods have most complex invertebrate integuments

Question 4

Hypodermis

Answer 4

single layered epidermis that secretes complex cuticle of 2 zones: procuticle and epicuticle

Question 5

Procuticle

Answer 5

thicker inner zone composed of protein and chitin in layers

Question 6

Epicuticle

Answer 6

outer zone, lying on external surface above procuticle, nonchitinous complex of proteins and lipids that provides a protective moisture proofing barrier

Question 7

Sclerotization

Answer 7

formation of highly resistant and insoluble protein sclerotin. Calcification is the hardening of cuticle. B/c of touch cuticle, arthropods must molt to grow

Question 8

Vertebrate Integument

Answer 8

thin outer stratified epithelial layer of the epidermis

Question 9

Dermis

Answer 9

true skin, derives epidermis, inner thicker layer. Gives rise to derivatives like hair, feathers, claws, horns

Question 10

Keratinication

Answer 10

keratin accumulates in interior of cells as outer layers of cells are displaces.

Question 11

Carnification

Answer 11

cells resistant to aprasion and water diffusion form outermost

Question 12

Stratum Corneum

Answer 12

epidermal layer becomes thick in areas exposed to persistant pressure or wear. Ex: calluses, foot pads on mammals, scales on reptiles

Question 13

Structures like claws, beaks, nails, and horns contain…

Answer 13

keratinized epidermal and dermal components

Question 14

Functions of animal colorization

Answer 14

camo to ward off predators and mate. Integumentary color is usually produced by pigments or by physical structure of surface tissue

Question 15

Structural color

Answer 15

colors produced by certain light wave lengths, responsibile for most iredescent hues in animal kingdom

Question 16

Pigments

Answer 16

very varied group of large molecules that reflect light rays

Question 17

Chromatophores

Answer 17

specialized pigment containing cell. Pigment could concentrate in center of cell too small to see or disperse throughout cell providing max display. Most widespread of animal pigments are melanins - group of black or brown polymers responsible for various earth cobred shades on animals. contain pigment cells called melanophores

Question 18

Carotenoid

Answer 18

yellow and red colors –> xanthophores

Question 19

Indophores

Answer 19

silvery of metallic effect

Question 20

Hydrostatic skeletons

Answer 20

hydroulic movement by muscles moving fluid. Inexpensive and efficient. Ex: earthworm movement, elephant trunk

Question 21

Muscularhydrostats

Answer 21

composed of incompressible tissue at constant volume. Like elephant trunks, mammal tongues

Question 22

Rigid Skeletons

Answer 22

Consist of rigid elements, usually jointed, where muscles attach

Question 23

Types of rigid skeleton

Answer 23

exoskeleton, endoskeleton

Question 24

Exoskeleton

Answer 24

protective or for movement. Take form of skell, spicule, calcareous, proteinaceous, or chitinous plate. Can be rigid –> mollusks or jointed –> arthropods. Does not grow, must molt

Question 25

Endoskeleton

Answer 25

support or movement. Formed inside body. Composed of bone and cartilage

Question 26

Notochord

Answer 26

semirigid, supportive axial rod of protochardates and all vertebrate larvae and embryos. Stiffening deviate preserving body shape during motion.

Question 27

Cartilage

Answer 27

A motor skeletal element of some vertebrates

Question 28

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 28

Basic form, clear glassy appearance, composed of cartilage cells, chondrocyles, surrounded by firm complex protein carb gel with collagen fibers ex sharks and rays

Question 29

Bone

Answer 29

living tissue that differs by having a lot of inorganic calcium salts. Capable of rapid healing and growth

Question 30

Endochondral

Answer 30

replacement of bone, develops from cartilage

Question 31

Intramenbranous bone

Answer 31

develops directly from sheets of embryonic cells

Question 32

spongy bone

Answer 32

open interlacing frame work, give max strength under normal stress and strain, develops

Question 33

Compact Bone

Answer 33

dense, appearing solid, spongy becomes this through further deposition of bone matrix

Question 34

Osteoblasts

Answer 34

part of bone formation. Secrete bone, deposition by bone building

Question 35

Osteocytes

Answer 35

inside lacunae cavities, distribute nutrients and growth factors in bone

Question 36

Osteoclasts

Answer 36

reabsorb bone

Question 37

Vertebrate skeleton

Answer 37

1.) Axial - includes skill, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
2.) appendicular - includes limbs, pectoial pelvic girdles
3.) tendons and ligaments - bone to bone. Muscle to bone

Cervical - neck
Lumbar - back
Caudal - tail
Thoracic - chest
Sacral - pelvic

Question 38

Animal Movement

Answer 38

depends on contractile proteins - allow relaxation and contraction. Powered by ATP

Question 39

Actomysin system

Answer 39

compose of 2 proteins, actin and myosin. Flagella and cilia are the two exceptions to those two

Question 40

Amoeboid Movement

Answer 40

in amebas and other unicellular forms