Exam 3 Ch: 6, 7, 24 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Define: Advocacy
A
Protection and support of another’s rights
2
Q
Define: Autonomy
A
Self- Determination; being independent and self governing
3
Q
Define: Beneficence
A
Principle of doing good.
4
Q
Define: Bioethics
A
Ethics that encompass all those perspectives that seek to understand human nature and behavior, the domain of social science, and the natural world.
5
Q
Define: Care-Based Approach
A
Approach to bioethics that directs attention to the specific situations of individual patients viewed within the context of their life narrative.
6
Q
Define: Code of Ethics
A
Principles that reflect the primary goals, values, and obligations of the profession
7
Q
Define: Conscientious Objection
A
Refusal to participate in certain types of treatment and care based on the fact that these activities violate the nurse’s personal and professional ethical beliefs and standards.
8
Q
Define: Deontologic
A
Ethical systems in which actions are right or wrong independent of the consequences they produce.
9
Q
Define: Moral Agency
A
Ability to behave in an ethical way; to do the ethically right thing because it is the right thing to do
10
Q
Define: Ethical Dilemma
A
Situation that arises when attempted adherence to basic ethical principles results in to conflicting courses of action.
11
Q
Define: Ethics
A
System dealing with standards of character and behavior related to what is right or wrong.
12
Q
Define: Feminist Ethics
A
Type of ethical approach that aims to critique existing patterns of oppression and domination in society, especially as these affect women and the poor.
13
Q
Define: Fidelity
A
Keeping promises and commitments made to others.
14
Q
Define: Justice
A
Process that distributes benefits, risks, and costs fairly
15
Q
Define: Moral Resilience
A
Developed capacity to respond well to morally distressing experiences and to emerge strong.
16
Q
Define: Morals
A
Like ethics, concerned with what constitutes right action; more informal and personal than the term ethics.
17
Q
Define: Nonmaleficence
A
Principle of avoiding evil
18
Q
Define: Nursing Ethics
A
a subset of bioethics; formal study of ethical issues that arise in the practice of nursing and of the analysis used by nurses to make ethical judgement.
19
Q
Define: Principle-Based Approach
A
An approach to bioethics that offers specific action guides.
20
Q
Define: Utiliarian
A
Action-guiding theory of ethics that states that the rightness of wrongness of an action depends on the consequences of the action.
21
Q
Define: Values
A
Set of beliefs that are meaningful in life and that influence relationships with others.
22
Q
Define: Value Systems
A
Organization of values ranked along a continuum of importance.
23
Q
Define: Values Clarification
A
Process by which people come to understand their own values and value system.
24
Q
Define: Virtues
A
Human excellences; cultivated dispositions of character and conduct that motivate and enable us to be good human beings.
25
Define: Accreditation
Process by which an educational program is evaluated and then recognized as having met certain predetermined standards of education.
26
Define: Assult
Threat or an attempt to make bodily contact with another person without that person's permission
27
Define: Battery
Assault that is carried out
28
Define: Certification
Process by which a person who has met certain criteria established by a nongovernmental association is granted recognition.
29
Define: Common Law
Law resulting from court decisions that is then followed when other cases involving similar circumstances and facts arise; common law is as binding as civil law.
30
Define: Credentialing
General term that refers to wats in which professional competence is maintained.
31
Define: Crime
Offense against people or property; the act is considered to be against the government, referred to in a lawsuit as "the people, " and the accused is prosecuted by the state.
32
Define: Defamation of character
An intentional tort in which one party makes derogatory remarks about another that diminishes the other party's reputation; slander is oral defamation of character; libel is written defamation of character.
33
Define: Defendant
The one being accused of a crime or tort
34
Define: Expert Witness
Nurse who explains to the judge and jury what happened based on the patient's records and who offers an opinion as to whether the nursing care met acceptable standards of practice.
35
Define: Fact Witness
Nurse who has knowledge of the actual incident prompting a legal case; bases testimony on firsthand knowledge of the incident, not on assumptions.
36
Define: Felony
(1) crime punishable by imprisonment in a state or federal penitentiary for more than 1 year; (2) crime of greater offense than a misdemeanor
37
Define: Fraud
Willful and purposeful misrepresentation that could cause, or has caused, loss or harm to people or property.
38
Define: Incident Report
A report of any event that is not consistent with the routine operation of the health care facility that results in or has the potential to result in harm to a patient, employee, or visitor.
39
Define: Law
Rule of conduct established and enforced by the government of a society
40
Define: Liability
Legal responsibility for one's acts ( and failure to act); includes responsibility for financial restitution of harms resulting from negligent acts
41
Define: Licensure
to be given a license to practice nursing in a state or province after successfully meeting requirements.
42
Define: Litigation
Process of lawsuit
43
Define: Malpractice
Act of negligence as applied to a professional person such as a physician, nurse, or dentist.
44
Define: Misdemeanor
Crime of lesser offense than a felony and punishable by fines, imprisonment (usually for less than 1 year) , or both
45
Define: Negligence
Performing an act that a reasonably prudent person under similar circumstances would not do, or failing to perform an act that a reasonably prudent person under similar circumstances would do.
46
Define: Plaintiff
Person or government bringing a lawsuit against another
47
Define: Root Cause Analysis
Deep investigation into a sentinel event to determine why the event occurred, and exploring the circumstances that led to it to determine where improvements can be made
48
Define: Sentinel Event
An unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury, or the risk thereof.
49
Define: Statutory Law
Law enacted by a legislative body
50
Define: Tort
Wrong committed by a person against another person or that person's property
51
Define: Whistle-Blowing
Term generally used to refer to employees who report their employers' violation of the law to appropriate law enforcement agencies outside the employers' facilities.
52
Define: Aerobic
Requiring oxygen to live and grow
53
Define: Airborne Transmission
Spreading of microorganisms that are less than 5 mcm when an infected host coughs, sneezes, or talks, or when the organism becomes attached to dust particles.
54
Define: Anaerobic
Capable of living without oxygen
55
Define: Antibody
Immunoglobin produced by the body in response to a specific antigen
56
Define: Antigen
Foreign material capable of inducing a specific immune response
57
Define: Antimicrobial
Antibacterial agent that kills bacteria or suppress their growth.
58
Define: Asepsis
Absence of disease-producing microorganisms; using methods to prevent infection
59
Define: Bacteria
The most significant and most commonly observed infection-causing agents
60
Define: Bundles
Evidence-based best practices that have proven positive outcomes when implemented together to prevent infection
61
Define: Direct Contact
Way for organisms to enter the body that involves proximity between the susceptible host and an infected person or a carrier, such as through touching, kissing, or sexual intercourse.
62
Define: Disinfection
Process used to destroy microorganisms; destroys all pathogenic organisms except spores
63
Define: Droplet Transmission
Transmission of particles greater than 5 mcm
64
Define: Endemic
Something that occurs with predictability in one specific region or population and can appear in a different geographical location.
65
Define: Endogenous
Infection in which the causative organism comes from microbial life harbored within the person
66
Define: Exogenous
Infection in which the causative organism is acquired from outside the host
67
Define: Fungi
Plant-like organism (molds and yeasts) that can cause infection
68
Define: Health care-associated infection (HAI)
An infection that was not present on admission to a health care institution and develops during the course of treatment for other conditions.
69
Define: Host
Animal or person on or within which microorganisms live
70
Define: Iatrogenic
Infection that occurs as a result of a treatment or diagnostic procedure
71
Define: Indirect Contact
Personal contact with either a vector, a living creature that transmits an infectious agent to a human, usually an insect; or an inanimate object, called a fomite, such as equipment or countertops.
72
Define: Infection
Disease state resulting from pathogens in or on the body
73
Define: Isolation
Protective procedure designed to prevent the transmission of specific microorganisms; also called protective aseptic techniques and barrier techniques.
74
Define: Medical Asepsis
Practices designed to reduce the number and transfer of pathogens; synonym for clean technique.
75
Define: Nosocomial
Something originating or taking place in the hospital (i.e., infection)
76
Define: Parasites
Organism that lives on or in a host and relies on it for nourishment
77
Define: Pathogen
Disease-producing microorganism
78
Define: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Gloves, gowns, masks, and protective eye gear designed to minimize or prevent the health care worker's exposure to infectious material
79
Define: Reservoir
Natural habitat for the growth and multiplication or microorganisms
80
Define: Standard Precautions
CDC precautions used in the care of all patients regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status; this category combines universal and body substance precautions.
81
Define: Sterilization
(1) the process by which all microorganisms, including spores, are destroyed; (2) surgical procedure performed to render a person infertile.
82
Define: Surgical Asepsis
Practices that render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms; synonym for sterile technique.
83
Define: Transmission-based precautions
CDC precautions used in patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes; used in addition to standard precautions.
84
Define: Vector
nonhuman-carriers- such as mosquitos, ticks, and lice- that transmit organisms from one host to another
85
Define: Virulence
Ability to produce disease
86
Define: Virus
Smallest of all microorganisms; can be seen only by using an electron microscope.
87
4 Categories of HAIs
- Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
- Surgical site Infection (SSI)
- Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)
- Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
88
3 sources of HAI
- exogenous
- endogenous
- iatrogenic
89
Exogenous
when the causative organism is acquired from OTHER PEOPLE
90
Endogenous
When infection occurs when the causative organism comes from microbial life harbored INSIDE THE PERSON
91
Types of bacteria that cause the most HAIs
- C. Difficile
- E. Coli
- S. Aureus
- Streptococcus Faecalis
- Pseudomonas
92
Devices that are common caused of HAI
- Urinary Catheter
| - Venous access catheter
93
Infection Cycle: 6 Components
1. INFECTIOS AGENT- Bacteria, viruses, fungi
2. RESERVOIR- natural habitat of the organism
3. PORTAL OF EXIT- point of exit for the organism (respiratory tract, oral tract, etc.)
4. MEANS OF TRANSMISSION- direct contact, indirect contact, airborne route
5. PORTALS OF ENTRY- point at which organisms enter a new host (inhalation, etc.)
6. SUSCEPTIBLE HOST- must overcome resistance mounted by host's defenses
94
4 phases of infection development
1. INCUBATION PERIOD: bacteria infects host. no symptoms. 1-2 days
2. PRODROMAL STAGE: most infectious stage. symptoms are vague like fatigue and low grade fever. hours to days
3. FULL (ACUTE) stage of illness: All symptoms. you are sick
4. CONVALESCENT PERIOD: Recovery from infection
95
The practice of ASEPSIS includes activities to....
Prevent infection or break the chain of infection.
| - A nurse uses aseptic techniques to halt the spread of microorganisms and minimize the threat of infection.
96
2 Categories of Asepsis
1. Medical Asepsis, or clean technique. ex. Hand Hygiene or wearing gloves.
2. Surgical Asepsis, or sterile technique. ex. inserting IV or urinary catheter
97
5 Moments for hand washing
Moment 1 – Before touching a patient
Moment 2 – Before a clean or aseptic procedure
Moment 3 – After a body fluid exposure risk
Moment 4 – After touching a patient
Moment 5 – After touching patient surroundings
98
Hand Hygiene
- the most effective way to help prevent the spread of infectious agents.
- The term hand hygiene applies to either handwashing with plain soap and water, use of antiseptic handrubs including waterless alcohol-based products, or surgical hand antisepsis.
99
HAND HYGIENE: USING AN ALCOHOL-BASED HANDRUB
1. Apply product to the palm of one hand, using the amount of product recommended on the package (it will vary according to the manufacturer but usually is 1 to 3 mL).
2. Rub hands together, making sure to cover all surfaces of the hands, fingers, and in between the fingers. Also, clean the fingertips and the area beneath the fingernails.
3. Continue rubbing until the hands are dry (at least 15 seconds).
100
2 types of Bacterial Flora:
Transient: Attached loosely on skin, removed with ease
Resident: Found in creases in skin, required friction with brush to remove.
101
4 Routes of Transmission
1. Direct Contact: Kissing, touching, sex
2. Indirect contact: Contact with a (1) a vector: living creature that transmits it to a human or (2) an inanimate object, called a fomite like countertops.
3. Airborne Transmission: Coughing and sneezing
4. Droplet Transmission: transmission of particles greater than 5mcm
102
Antibiotics
used to treat most bacterial infections. They either kill bacteria or stop them multiplying. This helps the body's immune system to fight the bacteria.
103
Antivirals
Viral infections do not respond to antibiotics and cannot be treated with them. Treatments can only help with symptoms while you wait for your immune system to fight off the virus. There are antiviral medicines to treat some viral infections. Vaccines can help prevent you from getting many viral diseases
104
3 Types of LAW
1. Public Law: government is directly involved. Regulates individual and the government.
2. Private Law: Civil Law. Regulates relationships among people
3. Criminal Law: Concerns state and federal criminal statues. Defines criminal actions ex. murder or theft.
105
3 processes are used for credentialing in nursing:
1. Accreditation: the process by which an educational program is evaluated and recognized as having met certain standards.
2. Licensure: the process by which a state determines that a candidate meets certain minimum requirements to practice in the profession and grants a license to do so.
3. Certification: the process by which a person who has met certain criteria established by a nongovernmental association is granted recognition in a specified practice area.
106
Ethical Issues
- Ethical issues encountered by nurses in daily practice include cost-containment issues that jeopardize patient welfare, beginning and end-of-life decisions, breaches of patient confidentiality, and incompetent, unethical, or illegal practices of colleagues.
107
Define: Privacy
Personal; Our RIGHT to control the intrusion of others into our lives; To disclose or not to disclose
- privacy is about people, confidentiality is about our duty to protect information
108
Define: Confidentiality
Has both MORAL and LEGAL obligations
Uphold EXCEPT when harm could come to patient or others
May have to disclose due to LEGAL or LEGISLATIVE reasons (i.e. child abuse, infectious diseases, court order)
109
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA)
-a federal law that required the creation of national standards to protect sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patient's consent or knowledge.
110
Some rights under HIPAA
1. clients have a right to see and copy their health record;
2. to update their health record;
3. to get a list of the disclosures a health care institution has made independent of disclosures made for the purposes of treatment, payment, and health care operations;
4. to request a restriction on certain uses or disclosures;
5. to choose how to receive health information. The client may not make additions, cross out sections, or destroy the health record
111
Define: Defamation of character and the types
- Defamation of character: an intentional tort in which on party makes derogatory remarks about another that diminish the other party’s reputation,
2 types:
1. Slander: spoken defamation of character
2. Libel: written defamation of character
112
Ethical Responsibilities of the nurse
1. Autonomy (self-determination): Respect the rights of patients or their surrogates to make health care decisions.
2. Nonmalficence: Avoid causing harm
3. Beneficence: Benefit the patient, and balance benefits against risks and harms
4. Justice: give each his or her due; act fairly
5. Fidelity: keep promises
113
Nurse Practice Act
- They are the primary source of rules of conduct for nurses.
- A copy of the Nurse Practice Act for the state in which a nurse practices can be obtained from that state's board of nursing.
- list the violations that can result in disciplinary actions against a nurse and also intend to prevent untrained or unlicensed people from practicing nursing.
- Nurse Practice Acts are examples of statutory law, enacted by a legislative body in keeping with both the federal constitution and the applicable state constitution
