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A&P Winter 2023 > Exam 3 - Chapter 18 Deck > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Chapter 18 Deck Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Mediastinum and enclosed/held in place by the pericardium

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2
Q

Pericardium

A

Consists of an outer fiber pericardium and an inner serous pericardium

*Serous pericardium has a visceral and a parietal layer, which are separated by the serous cavity

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium (outermost)

Myocardium

Endocardium (innermost)

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4
Q

What does the heart consist of?

A

Two upper atria and two lower ventricles

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5
Q

Right atria

A

Receive (deoxygenated) blood from superior + inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus

Bring blood back to right ventricle

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6
Q

Right ventricle

A

Receives (deoxygenated) blood from right atrium and sends blood to the lungs via a pulmonary trunk

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7
Q

Left atria

A

Receives (oxygenated) blood from pulmonary veins and sends blood to left ventricle

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8
Q

Left ventricle

A

Receives (oxygenated) blood from left atrium and sends blood all over the body

Wall of left ventricle becomes thicker due to being responsible for systemic circulation/needing higher BP

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9
Q

Chordae/tendineae

A

Anchor cusps of AV valves to papillary muscles

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10
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Hold valve flaps in closed position

Prevent flaps from everting back into atria

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11
Q

Characteristics of a valve

A

Ensure unidirectional blood flow through heart

Open and close in response to pressure changes as the heart contracts and relaxes

When one set of valves is open, the other set is closed

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12
Q

AV valves

A

Located between atria and ventricles

Prevent backflow from ventricles

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13
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Right AV valve

Made up of three cusps and lies between right atria and ventricle

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14
Q

Mitral valve

A

Left AV valve (bicuspid valve)

Made up of two cusps and lies between left atria and ventricle

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15
Q

Semilunar valve

A

Located between ventricles and major arteries

Prevent backflow from major arteries

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16
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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17
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

Located between ventricle and aorta

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18
Q

Describe the flow of blood

A

Blood flow through coronary arteries delivers O2 blood and nutrients to myocardium and branches arise from ascending aorta

Coronary veins remove CO2 and wastes from myocardium and branches converge at coronary sinus

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19
Q

List flow of blood in order

A

Vena cava superior + inferior

Right atria

Tricuspid valve

Right ventricle

Pulmonary valve

Pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary vein

Left atria

Mitral valve

Left ventricle

Aortic valve

Aorta

Vena cava

Vena cava superior + inferior

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20
Q

Formation of conduction system

A

Cardiac muscles are self-excitable

Autorhythmic

Muscle cells repeatedly generate spontaneous action potentials that trigger contractions

These cells form the conduction system

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21
Q

Conduction system

A

The route for propagating action potentials through the heart muscle

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22
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node function

A

Pacemaker of heart

Stimulates atrial muscle to contract and initiates action potential in ventricles (most frequently)

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23
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node function

A

Carries action potentials from atrium to ventricles

Establish rate at which heart contracts

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24
Q

Bundle of His function

A

Carries action potentials to each ventricle

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25
Right and left bundle branches
Rapidly transmits action potentials to purkinje fibers
26
Purkinje fibers function
Stimulates heart muscle contraction
27
Hormones and conduction system
Hormones can modify the conduction system (ex. epinephrine) but do not set fundamental rhythm
28
Trace an impulse through the conduction system of the heart
SA node AV node Bundle of His Right and left bundle branches Purkinje fibers
29
EKG/ECG
The recording of the electrical changes that accompany each heart beat
30
P wave
Depolarization of SA node and atria (excitation of atrial)
31
QRS wave
Ventricular excitation
32
QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
33
T wave
Ventricular repolarization (end of ventricular excitation)
34
P-R interval
Beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
35
S-T segment
Entire ventricular myocardium depolarized (ventricles contracted)
36
Q-T interval
Beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
37
Heart cycle
Sequence of events that occur when the heart beats
38
What does one cardiac cycle consist of?
The contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of both atria Rapidly followed by the systole and diastole of both ventricles
39
Systole
Atrial systole = 0.1 sec | Ventricular systole = 0.3 sec Period of contraction of the ventricles of the heart that occurs between the first and second heart sounds of the cardiac cycle Causes ejection of blood into aorta and pulmonary trunk
40
Diastole
Diastole = 0.4 sec RV pushes blood into the pulmonary artery sending deoxygenated blood to lungs LV pushes blood into aorta sending blood throughout body Occurs between the second and fourth heart sounds
41
Atrial contraction
As atria contracts, the pressure within the atrial chambers increase forcing more blood flow across the open AV valves Leads to a rapid flow of blood into ventricles
42
Isovolumetric contraction
Split-second when ventricles are completely closed (all valves closed due to rising ventricular pressure) Volume remains constant Ventricles continue to contract Atria relax
43
Ventricular ejection
Forceful expulsion of blood from the ventricles of heart
44
Isovolumetric relaxation
Following ventricular repolarization (T wave) ventricles relax and ventricular pressure drops causing backflow of blood from aorta and pulmonary trunk (triggers closing of SL valves) Ventricles are completely closed chambers momentarily When ventricular pressure exceeds pressure in large arteries, SL valves are forced open and ventricles are ejected Closure of the aortic valve raises aortic pressure as backflow rebounds off closed valve cusps (dicrotic notch)
45
Dicrotic notch/wave (in isovolumetric relaxation)
Closure of the aortic valve raises aortic pressure as backflow rebounds off closed valve cusps
46
Ventricular filling (mid-to-late diastole)
The period in which the ventricle fills with blood from the left atrium (from the onset of mitral valve opening to mitral valve closure) Pressure is low 80% of blood passively flows from atria through open AV valves into ventricles from atria (SL valves closed) Atrial depolarization triggers atrial systole (P wave), atria contracts, pushing the remaining 20% of blood into ventricles
47
What roles does atrial contraction is transporting remaining blood?
Atrial depolarization forces a small amount (remaining 20%) of blood into the ventricles and a new cardiac cycle begins
48
End-diastolic volume (EDV)
Volume to blood remaining in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole Affected by length of ventricular diastole and venous pressure Normal = approx. 120 ml/beat Equivalent to ventricular volume during isovolumetric contraction
49
End-systolic volume (ESV)
Volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole Affected by arterial BP and force of ventricular contraction Normal = appx. 50 ml/beat Equivalent to ventricular volume during isovolumetric relaxation
50
Cardiac output
Volume of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle into the aorta each minute Volume of blood that circulates through systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels each minute SV x HR = CO | MAP/R = CO
51
Stroke volume
Amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles in one beat Normal = 70 ml/beat Regulated by preload, contractility, and afterload SV = EDV - ESV
52
Ejection fraction
Measurements (%) of how much of blood leaves the heart each time in contracts Normal = 55% or higher
53
Heart rate
Number of heartbeats per minute Normal = appx. 60-100 BPM (can be affected with arrhythmias, fibrillation, or murmurs)
54
What are heart sounds a result of?
Blood turbulences of blood flow caused by closing of heart valves
55
"Lub"/Sound 1
Louder Longer sound Closure of AV valves Marks starts of ventricular contraction
56
"Dup"/Sound 2
Higher sharper sound Closer of SL valves Marks start of ventricular relaxation
57
What parts of the higher brain centers are involved with cardiovascular regulation?
ANS - secretes acetylcholine (lowers HR) or norepinephrine (increases HR) Cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus Medulla oblongata - contains cardiovascular centers (group of neurons that regulate heart rate, contractility, and blood vessel diameter)
58
Which sensory receptors are concerned with cardiovascular regulation?
Proprioceptors - monitor movements Chemoreceptors - monitor blood chemistry Baroreceptors - monitor blood pressure
59
Which nerves are concerned with cardiovascular regulation?
Cardiac accelerator nerves (sympathetic) Vagus (X) nerves (parasympathetic)
60
What factors regulate HR?
Age - fetus has faster HR but declines with age Gender - females have faster HR than males Exercise - increases HR (trained athletes can have slower HR) Body temperature - HR increases with increased body temperature
61
Role of baroreceptors in major blood vessels
Located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch Important pressure-sensitive sensory neurons that monitor stretching of walls of blood vessels and the atria Can play a role with monitoring blood pressure (stretch less, decreasing rate of nerve impulses which raises blood pressure)
62
Asystole
Most serious form of cardiac arrest Flatline in the state of total cessation of electrical activity from the heart No heart contraction No blood flow to rest of the body (often irreversible)
63
Fibrillation
Rapid and irregular contractions Heart becomes useless for pumping blood (causing circulation to cease)
64
Tachycardia
Abnormally fast heart rate (>100 BPM) Can lead to fibrillation
65
Bradycardia
Abnormally slow heart rate (<60 BPM) Can result in poor blood circulation
66
Arrhythmia
Irregular heart rhythms Uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions
67
Ectopic
Premature contraction Ectopic focus of small region of heart that triggers impulse before SA node can, causing delay in next impulse Heart skips a beat or adss an extra beat

A&P Winter 2023 (9 decks)

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