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A&P Winter 2023 > Exam 4 - Chapter 27 Deck > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Chapter 27 Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of the male reproductive system

A

Produce, maintain, transport, and nourish sperm and semen

To discharge sperm within the female productive tract

To produce and secrete male sex hormones

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2
Q

Functions of the female reproductive system

A

Produce, maintain, transport, and nourish ova to be fertilized

To provide the space and conditions for fertilized egg to develop into a baby

To produce and secrete female sex hormones

To give birth and breastfeed after birth

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3
Q

List the essential/accessory organs of the male reproductive system

A

Testes, penis, scrotum, epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, urethra, and accessory sex glands

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4
Q

Testes

A

Paired, oval, sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum

Testes are partially covered by the tunica vaginalis

Internal to the tunica vaginalis is a connective tissue capsule called the tunica albuginea that extends inward to form septa that create compartments

Seminiferous tubules carry sperm produced within them (spermatogensis - maturation of sperm cells) out of the testes

Sperm is delivered into the body via epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra

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5
Q

Penis

A

Contains the urethra and is a passageway for semen and urine

Composed of 3 cylindrical masses - 2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum

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6
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac of loose skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue that contains the testes

Internally, separated into 2 compartments by the dartos muscle and a subcutaneous layer

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7
Q

Epididymis

A

Sperm mature in the epididymis and degenerated sperm are reabsorbed

Propels sperm into the ductus deferens

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8
Q

Ductus (vas) deferens

A

Exits the tail of the epididymis and ascends through the spermatic cord into the pelvis - it loops over the ureter and passes over the side and down the posterior surface of the urinary bladder

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9
Q

Urethra

A

Both semen and urine pass through the urethra

Passes through the prostate gland, deep muscle of the perineum, and the penis

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10
Q

Accessory sex glands

A

Seminal glands, prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands

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11
Q

Seminal glands

A

Secrete an alkaline

Viscous fluid containing fructose

Prostaglandins and clotting proteins

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12
Q

Prostate glands

A

Single, donut-shaped gland that secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphatase, and seminal plasmin

Also facilitates locomotion of sperm cells

Prostatic secretions can affect ability of sperm cells to move and penetrate

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13
Q

Bulbourethral (cowper’s) gland

A

Secrete an alkaline fluid during sexual arousal that neutralizes acids from urine and mucus for lubrication

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14
Q

Semen

A

A mixture of sperm and seminal fluid (secretions from accessory glands)

Volume of an average ejaculate is 2.5-5mL with 50-150 million sperm/mL

pH = 7.2-7.7

Contains seminal fluid which may contain immune an glandular cells, salts, carbohydrates, organic acids, lipids, mucus, nucleic acids, vitamins, hormones, proteins and microbes

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15
Q

Structure of sperm

A

Has a head, neck, middle piece, and tail

Head contains nucleus with 23 chromosomes (the acrosome covers the head and contains enzymes to help with penetration)

Neck contains centrioles that form the microtubules that make up the rest of the tail

Middle piece contains mitochondria that make ATP for locomotion of the sperm

Tail is made of principal piece and end piece is used for movement

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16
Q

Composition and function of seminal fluid

A

Composition - viscous fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins

It functions to keep sperm cells viable and it’s capable of fertilizing eggs

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17
Q

Spermatogenesis begins with _____ (diploid stem cells) that differentiate into _____

A

spermatogonia; diploid primary spermatocytes

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18
Q

Sperm goes through the ducts to get to the exterior through…

A

Epididymis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra

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19
Q

Discuss the system of ducts in the male reproductive system

A

Sperm and fluid travel from the seminiferous tubules to straight tubules and then to a network of ducts, the rete testis

Efferent ducts carry the sperm to the epididymis (sperm mature in the epididymis and degenerated sperm are reabsorbed; the epididymis propels sperm into the ductus (vas) deferens)

The ductus (vas) deferens exits the tail of the epididymis and ascend through the spermatic cord into the pelvis

Then, it loops over the ureter and passes over the side and down the posterior surface of the urinary bladder

The spermatic cord ascends out of the scrotum and contains the ductus deferens, testicular artery, veins draining the testes, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels and the cremaster muscles

The ejaculatory ducts arise from the junction of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens

The urethra is the duct shared by the reproductive and urinary system (both semen and urine pass through the urethra; the urethra passes through the prostate gland (prostatic urethra), deep muscles of the perineum (intermediate or membranous urethra), and the penis (spongy urethra)

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20
Q

Role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the regulation of the male reproductive system

A

Interstitial endocrine cells of the testes to produce testosterone

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21
Q

Role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the regulation of the male reproductive system

A

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates sperm production in males

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22
Q

Role of testosterone in the regulation of the male reproductive system

A

Androgen-binding proteins (ABP) keeps the concentration of testosterone near the spermatogenic cells high, which stimulates spermatogensis

As puberty ensues, testosterone not only promotes spermatogenesis but also has multiple anabolic effects throughout the body

It targets accessory reproductive organs - ducts, glands, and the penis - causing them to grow to adult size and function

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23
Q

What happens when testosterone is deficient/absent?

A

It is the basis of the male sex drive and normal levels maintain the organs present in the system/boosts basal metabolic rate and influences behavior.

So when the hormone is deficient or absent, all accessory organs atrophy, and semen volume declines erection/ejaculation are impaired which affects the factors listed above

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24
Q

Role of inhibin in the regulation of the male reproductive system

A

Inhibits FSH release from the anterior pituitary, and also inhibits spermatogenesis

Levels of inhibin are proportional to sperm counts in males so the higher the sperm count, the higher the level of inhibit

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25
List the divisions of the female reproductive system
Internal genitalia and external genitalia
26
What organs make up the internal genitalia?
Located in pelvic cavity (ovaries + duct system) Ovaries, uterus, uterine (fallopian tube), and vagina
27
What organs make up the external genitalia?
External sex organs Clitoris, labium minus, and labium majus
28
Generalized function of the ovaries
The female gonads produce female gametes (ova) and secrete female sex hormones estrogen (estradiol, estrone, and estriol) and progesterone
29
Generalized function of the uterus
Hollow, thick-walled muscular organ that receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum Also part of the pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tube
30
Generalized function of the uterine (fallopian) tube
Form the initial part of the female duct system Receive the ovulated oocyte and are the site where fertilization generally occurs
31
Generalized function of the vagina
Provides a passageway for delivery of an infant and for menstrual flow Because it receives the penis (and semen) during sexual intercourse, it is the female organ of copulation
32
Generalized function of the clitoris
Essential to female sexual function
33
Generalized function of the labium minus/majus
Protective structure
34
What ligaments support the ovaries?
The broad, ovarian, and suspensory ligament
35
Broad ligament of ovary
Peritoneal fold that tense over the uterus and supports the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Encloses the ovarian ligaments
36
Ovarian ligament of ovary
Anchors the ovary medically to the uterus
37
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Anchors it laterally to the pelvic wall
38
What does the ovary consist of?
Ovarian follicles, germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, ovarian cortex, and ovarian medulla
39
Ovarian follicles
Saclike structures embedded in the highly vascular connective tissue of the ovary cortex Each follicle consists of an immature egg called an occyte
40
Germinal epithelium of ovary
Covers the surface of the ovary
41
Tunica albuginea of ovary
Capsule of dense irregular connective tissue below the germinal epithelium
42
Ovarian cortex
Below the tunica albuginea and consists of (mature) ovarian follicles and stromal cells
43
Ovarian medulla
Connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
44
What does ovaries produce?
Gametes (mature into ova) and hormones (progesterone, estrogen, inhibin, relaxin)
45
Uterine tubes
Females have two uterine tubes that extend from the uterus to the ovary The tubes are the pathway for the sperm to reach the ovum and for the secondary oocytes and fertilized ova to travel to the uterus
46
Infundibulum in the uterine
Funnel shaped region that is the opening (the end) of the uterine tube into the peritoneal cavity The margin of the infundibulum is surrounded by ciliated, finger-like projections called fimbriae that project from it
47
Ampulla in the uterine
Widest portion of the tube Forms half of the uterine tube and is the site where fertilization usually occurs
48
Isthmus of uterine
Forms the narrow medial third of the uterine tube Empties into the superolateral region of the uterus
49
What are the three layers of the uterine?
Mucosa (inner lining) - the simple ciliated columnar epithelium of the mucosa Muscularis (smooth muscle) Serosa
50
Role of peg cells in uterine
Secrete a fluid providing nourishment for the ovum
51
Uterus
Top of the uterus is the fundus Central portion is the body Inferior extension into the vagina is the cervix (the cavity of the cervix, called the cervical canal, empties into the vagina) The isthmus is between the body and cervix
52
Layers of the uterus
Perimetrium (serosa) is the incomplete outermost layer Myometrium is the bulky middle layer, consisting of three layers of smooth muscle (the myometrium contracts rhythmically during childbirth to expel the baby from the mother's body) Endometrium is the mucosa that lines the uterine cavity (inner layer)
53
Functional layer of the uterus
Stratum functionalis layer is shed each month during menstruation
54
Basal layer of the uterus
Stratum basalis layer is permanent and gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation
55
The ovarian cycle includes...
FSH and LH
56
The uterine cycle includes...
Menstruation
57
Female reproductive cycle
Ranges from about 24-36 days Divided into four phases
58
Four phases of the female reproductive cycle
Menstruation Preovulatory (proliferative phase) Ovulation Postovulatory (secretory phase)
59
Menstruation
Stratum functionalis - layer of endometrium that is shed each month during menstruation Stratum basalis - layer of endometrium that is permanent and gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation
60
Preovulatory (proliferative phase)
High levels of estrogen during the last part of the preovulatory phase have a positive feedback effect on cells secreting LH and GnRH, thus bringing about ovulation
61
Ovulation
Occurs on appx. day 14 Corpus luteum - develops after ovulation when the empty follicle produces progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, and relaxin High levels of LH may cause ovulation and rupturing
62
Postovulatory (secretory phase)
Period following ovulation
63
What are the hormones involved in regulating the menstrual cycle?
Estrogens, inhibin, relaxin, progesterone, FSH/follicle-stimulating hormone, and LH/luteinizing hormone
64
Estrogens
Promote development and maintenance of female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics Increases protein anabolism Lower blood cholesterol Stimulate proliferation of stratum basalis to form a new stratum functionalis Moderate levels inhibit release of GnRH, FSH, and LH
65
Inhibin (menstrual cycle)
Inhibits release of FSH
66
Relaxin
Inhibits contractions of uterine smooth muscle During labor, increases flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilates uterine cervix
67
Progesterone
Stimulates endometrial glands to secrete glycogen and lipids, which serves as an initial nutrient source for a fertilized egg if implantation occurs High levels inhibit release of GnRH, FSH, and LH FSH and progesterone are involved in a negative feedback cycle
68
FSH/follicle stimulating hormone (menstrual cycle)
Stimulates initial growth of ovarian follicles and further development of ovarian follicles and their secretion of estrogens and inhibin
69
LH/luteinizing hormone (menstrual cycle)
(Also) stimulates further development of ovarian follicles and their secretion of estrogens and inhibin Secretion of progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin by corpus luteum LH is a gonadotropin secreted by the pituitary gland LH helps control the menstrual cycle and triggers the release of an egg from the ovary

A&P Winter 2023 (9 decks)

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