exam 3 chapter 8

Question 1

endogenous circannual rhythms

Answer 1

internal mechanisms that operate on an annual or yearly cycle

Question 2

endogenous circadian rhythms

Answer 2

internal mechanisms that operate on approximately a 24 hour cycle

Question 3

zeitgeber

Answer 3

time giver
term used to describe any stimulus that resets the circadian rhythms

Question 4

jet lag

Answer 4

disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones

Question 5

phase delays

Answer 5

traveling west
moving backwards in our rhythms

Question 6

phase advances

Answer 6

traveling east
moving forward in our rhythms

Question 7

elevated cortisol due to jet lag and stress

Answer 7

leads to damage to nuerons in hippocampus

Question 8

early bird characteristics

Answer 8

proactive, optimistic, less prone to depression

Question 9

night owl characteristics

Answer 9

creative, better cognitive abilities

Question 10

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 10

hypothalamus
main control center of the circadian rhythms of sleep and temperature

Question 11

damage to SCN

Answer 11

less consistent body rhythms that are no longer synchronized to environmental patterns of light and dark

Question 12

SCN characteristics

Answer 12

genetically controlled, unlearned, independently generates the circadian rhythms

Question 13

retinohypothalamic path

Answer 13

small branch of optic nerve where light resets

Question 14

melanopsin

Answer 14

photopigment in special population of ganglion cells

Question 15

two types of genes responsible for generating the circadian rhythm

Answer 15

period (PER) and timeless (TIM)

Question 16

function of PER and TIM

Answer 16

increase the activity of certain kinds of nuerons in the SCN that regulate sleep and waking

Question 17

pineal gland

Answer 17

endocrine gland located posterior to the thalamus regulated by the SCN

Question 18

melatonin

Answer 18

secreted by the pineal gland
hormone that increases sleepiness

Question 19

hormonal sleep pathway

Answer 19

SCN, pineal gland, melatonin

Question 20

when does melatonin secretion begin

Answer 20

2-3 hours before bedtime

Question 21

functions of sleep

Answer 21

-conservation of energy
-repair and restoration
-learning and memory consolidation

Question 22

sleep

Answer 22

state that the brain actively produces characterized by a moderate decrease in brain activity and decreased response to stimuli

Question 23

coma

Answer 23

extended period of unconsciousness characterized by low brain activity that remains fairly steady

Question 24

vegetative state

Answer 24

person alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal but no awareness of surroundings

Question 25

minimally conscious state

Answer 25

one stage higher than a vegetative state marked by occasional brief periods of purposeful action and limited speech comprehension

Question 26

brain death

Answer 26

no sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus

Question 27

polysomnograph

Answer 27

combination of EEG and eye-movement records

Question 28

beta waves

Answer 28

>14 Hz fastest activated cortex

Question 29

alpha waves

Answer 29

8-12 Hz waking states

Question 30

theta waves

Answer 30

4-7 Hz sleep states

Question 31

delta waves

Answer 31

<4 Hz slowest deep sleep, large amplitude

Question 32

stage 1 sleep

Answer 32

non-REM, theta

Question 33

stage 2 sleep

Answer 33

non-REM, spindle and K-complex

Question 34

stage 3 and 4

Answer 34

non-REM, delta

Question 35

REM

Answer 35

beta

Question 35

how often does sleep cycle repeat

Answer 35

every 90 minutes

Question 36

how do we remain unconscious in spite of sustained neuronal activity?

Answer 36

inhibition

Question 37

inhibition

Answer 37

interfering with the spread of information from one nueron to another

Question 38

activity increased in pons triggers

Answer 38

onset of REM sleep

Question 39

activity increases in the limbic system triggers

Answer 39

important onset for emotional responses

Question 40

pathway of waves of nueral activity detections

Answer 40

pons, lateral genuculate, occipital cortex

Question 41

norepinephrine

Answer 41

released to arouse various areas of the cortex and increase wakefulness

Question 42

histamine

Answer 42

produce widespread excitatory effects throughout the brain

Question 43

antihistimines produce...

Answer 43

sleepiness

Question 44

orexin

Answer 44

needed to stay awake not to wake up released by cells into the basal forebrain to stimulate neurons responsible for wakefulness and arousal

Question 45

basal forebrain

Answer 45

area anterior and dorsal to hypothalamus containing cells that extend throughout the thalamus and cerebral cortex

Question 46

cells of basal forebrain release...

Answer 46

GABA essential for sleep

Question 47

functions of GABA

Answer 47

decreases temperature, metabolic rate, stimulation of nuerons

Question 48

insomnia

Answer 48

difficulty in falling or staying asleep

Question 49

sleep apnea

Answer 49

person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

Question 50

narcolepsy

Answer 50

sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities

Question 51

somnambulism

Answer 51

person arises and walks around during sleep

Question 52

sleep paralysis

Answer 52

experience of waking up unable to move

Question 53

night terrors

Answer 53

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

Question 54

activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming

Answer 54

cortex synthesizes a story from the pattern of activation

Question 55

clinico-anatomical hypothesis of dreaming

Answer 55

stimulation is combined with recent memories and any information the brain is receiving from the senses