Exam 3: Chapters 16-22

Question 1

Homeothermic

Answer 1

Relatively regulated body temp independent of environmental temp

Question 2

Jacobson’s Organs

Answer 2

Vomeronasal organs; taste air molecules

Question 3

Plastron

Answer 3

Turtle shell

Question 4

Pelage

Answer 4

Fur, hair, wool

Question 5

Cloaca

Answer 5

One hole for all

Question 6

Pedicellariae

Answer 6

Effector organ in Echinoderms; reflex response, keep body surface clear of debris in conjugation w/ the ciliated epidermis in all Echinoderms

Question 7

Placenta

Answer 7

Nourish fetus

Question 8

Amphibian

Answer 8

Tetrapod, ectothermic vertebrates of class Amphibians, all belong to group Lissamphibia

Question 9

Gill

Answer 9

Respiratory organ of fishes and some amphibians

Question 10

Ganoid

Answer 10

Hard, shiny, bony fish scales (ex: sturgeon)

Question 11

Parabronchi

Answer 11

Avian lung; gas exchange

Question 12

Poison Glands

Answer 12

Specialized glands in some fish/amphibians that secretes a mucus-like substance containing venomous or acrid material

Question 13

Madreporite

Answer 13

A calcareous opening used to filter water into the water vascular system of echinoderms; pressure-equalizing valve

Question 14

Altricial

Answer 14

Hatched/born helpless and requiring significant parental care; ex: birds

Question 15

Archaeopteryx

Answer 15

First winged creature similar to birds

Question 16

Hemolytic Venom

Answer 16

Attack and disorganize (sub)cellular membranes; burst RBCs

Question 17

Petromyzontida

Answer 17

Lampreys;

Question 18

Amplexus

Answer 18

Wrestling during mating; male has modified front legs to hold on as female produces eggs and male sprays sperm directly onto them

Question 19

Marsupium

Answer 19

Pouch

Question 20

Notochord

Answer 20

Cartilaginous rod supporting body in all embryonic and some adult chordate animals, precursor to spinal chord

Question 21

Describe 4 ways that fishes can maintain their vertical position in a column of water

Answer 21

• osteicthyes use swim bladder fills with gas
• dorsal and anal fins
• caudal/tail fin adds forward kick to swimming
• chondricthyes use oil filled liver to float

Question 22

Distinguish between anadromous and catadromous fish life cycles and explain how the impact these have on osmoregulation

Answer 22

• anadromous; migrate from salt to fresh to spawn, adults in sea (ex: salmon, sturgeon)
• catadromous; migrate from fresh to sea to spawn, adults in fresh, ex: true eels

Question 23

Describe the significance of the amniotic egg. Include in your answer which vertebrate groups possess this characteristic

Answer 23

• protects embryo from physical danger
• less dependence on water fro development, could go to drier environments
• mammals, squamata (lizards/snakes), crocodilia, aves, testudine (turtles)

Question 24

​Name the three ways that vertebrates begin their next generation (i.e., are hatched/born) and give an example of each

Answer 24

• ovipary; in egg, outside mom (amp, rept, birds)
• ovovivipary; in egg, in mom (some fish and rept)
• vivipary; embry in mom; almost all mammals

Question 25

​Give four vertebrate adaptations for a terrestrial existence

Answer 25

- limb based locomotions - air breathing lungs - biting feeding - bones

Question 26

​Briefly describe the proposed successive changes in the circulatory and respiratory systems of vertebrates from fishes to mammals

Answer 26

- fish = single circulatory, gills for water - mammals = double circulatory (loop to lungs is pulmonary circuit and to body is systemic circuit), lungs for air

Question 27

​List the three main groups of mammals and describe reproductive differences among them

Answer 27

- monotremes; egg layers, platypus - marsupials; baby born “premature”, stays in pouch to continue development, ALSO HAVE PLACENTAS - placentals; keep baby in body until it’s body systems can function on their own, use placenta to transfer nutrients

Question 28

​Give five adaptations for flight by birds

Answer 28

- forelimbs modified into wings; organ of flight - bipedal locomotion; helps land - feathers; body buoyancy and insulation - short tail; acts as rudder during flight - hollow, fused bones - warm blooded; high altitude - excretory system; uric acid and urates (less toxic), reabsorb most water from pee, no bladder = lighter

Question 29

​Explain how a rattlesnake can locate its prey without seeing it (mention at least two types of sense organs)

Answer 29

Jacobson’s organs (taste/smell air) and pit organs (infrared vision)

Question 30

There will be approximately five fill in the blank questions, testing your knowledge of Chordate Subphyla, Classes, Subclasses and orders within vertebrate classes other than the Aves and the Mammalia

Question 31

There will be a section where your knowledge of terms that apply to Chordates will be tested.

Question 32

Aposematism

Answer 32

Warning coloration; “I am poisonous!”

Question 33

Frog vs Toad

Answer 33

Toad hace dry skin with warts, hind legs are not as modified for jumping.

Question 34

Anura: Frogs and Toads

Answer 34

Lacking tail as adults