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BMB 252 Mol/Cell Bio 2 > Exam 3: Chp 21 - Development > Flashcards

Exam 3: Chp 21 - Development Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 essential cell processes that create a multicellular organism

A

1) cell proliferation
2) cell differentiation
3) cell morphogenesis

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2
Q

What is cell morphogenesis?

A

cells rearrange themselves to form structured tissues and organs

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3
Q

Blastula

A

hollow fluid filled ball of cells

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4
Q

Gastrula

A

multilayered structure containing three germ layers

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5
Q

Ectoderm

A

gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system

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6
Q

Endoderm

A

forms the gut and its appendages such as the lung, pancreas, and liver

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7
Q

Mesoderm

A

space between the ecto and endoderm that forms the muscles, connective tissues, blood, and kidneys

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8
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

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9
Q

Three conserved mechanisms establish basic animal body plan

A

1) zygote divides rapidly to form a large number of smaller cells directed by maternal mRNA and proteins
2) embryonic genome is turned on and the cell forms blastula
3) complex rearrangements form a gastrula

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10
Q

Blastomere

A

blastula cell that can develop into a more specialized cell type that becomes progressively more specialized based on the tissue it resides in

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11
Q

What determine when, where and how strongly each gene is expressed?

A

regulatory elements of DNA are largely responsible for the differences between animal species

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12
Q

Two major factors in generating complex cell patterns

A

combinatorial signaling and cell memory`

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13
Q

Morphogens

A

long-range inductive signals that exert graded effects

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14
Q

Asymmetric cell division

A

cells partition different materials into each side of the cell based on the fate of the daughter cells

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15
Q

Sequential induction

A

two cell types present in a developing tissue; one exerts a signal on the other causing a third cell type to form which can then exert a signal on the other two types, causing a 4th and 5th type to emerge

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16
Q

Three axes established in developing embryos

A

1) animal vegetal (A-V): internal vs. external
2) anteroposterior (A-P): head vs. tail
3) Dorsoventral (D-V): back vs. belly

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17
Q

When are axes defined in mouse embryos?

A

embryogenesis; after group of cells develop

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18
Q

When are axes defined in the drosophilia embryo?

A

structure of the egg prior to fertilization

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19
Q

When are axes defined in the frog embryo?

A

A-V axis defined before fertilization; and DV axis defined when sperm causes slight rotation of the egg cortex

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20
Q

Maternal effect genes

A

mother’s genome rather than zygote’s genome that is critical

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21
Q

Egg polarity genes

A

maternal effect genes determine polarity in drosophilia egg

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22
Q

What is localized on the anterior end of the drosophilia egg

A

Bicoid mRNA

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23
Q

What is localized on the posterior end of the drosophilia egg

A

Nanos mRNA

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24
Q

Steps of drosophilia embryo development

A

1) fertilized egg
2) syncytium
3) syncytial blastoderm
4) cellular blastoderm

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25
Syncytium
many nuclei divide rapidly in one cell
26
Syncytial blastoderm
nuclei migrate to periphery, where cell boundaries will eventually form
27
Cellular blastoderm
individual cells form around the nuclei
28
What happens to bicoid mRNA after fertilization
forms a morphogen gradient across the cell
29
Three groups of genes control segmentation
Zygotic effect genes 1) gap genes 2) pair-rule genes 3) segment polarity genes
30
Egg polarity gene
bicoid - maternal effect gene
31
Which genes in drosophilia development are transiently expressed?
gap genes and pair-rule genes
32
Which genes in drosophilia development are permanently expressed?
segment-polarity and hox genes
33
What is the order of expression of 4 major drosophilia development genes?
egg-polarity, gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segment polarity genes
34
Hedgehog and wingless
stimulate each other's expression and produces segmentation
35
Homeotic mutations
transform parts of the body into structures appropriate to other positions
36
Hox genes
defines where cells should be located
37
Location of hox genes on chromosomes correlates with
their order/location of expression in the body plan
38
Where is toll activated?
the ventral side of the embryo
39
What does activated toll do?
dorsal to translocate to the nucleus on the ventral side dorsal remains in the cytoplasm on the dorsal side
40
Ventralized cell
dorsal is in the nucleus in all cells
41
Dorsalized cell
dorsal is in the cytoplasm in all cells
42
Dpp mRNA
expressed in the absence of dorsal in the nucleus on the dorsal side of the zygote
43
Sog mRNA
expressed where dorsal is in both the nucleus and cytoplasm
44
Twist mRNA
expressed where dorsal is in the nucleus, on the ventral side of the embryo
45
Dpp protein
expressed in extracellular space outside of dorsal cells expressing Dpp mRNA
46
Sog protein
expressed in extracellular space of outside of cells expressed Sog mRNA; between ventral and dorsal side of embryo
47
Lefty
inhibitor; equally distributed across frog embryo
48
Nodal
activator; has high distribution on vegetal side of frog embryo
49
BMP
activator; highly concentrated on ventrally side but spread throughout frog embryo
50
Chordin
inhibitor; concentrated only on dorsal side of frog embryo
51
Noggin
inhibitor; concentrated only on dorsal side of frog embryo
52
Internal layout of V-D axis in invertebrates
CNS ventral Circulatory system dorsal
53
Internal layout of V-D axis in vertebrates
CNS dorsal Circulatory system ventral
54
What axis is controlled by Hox genes?
A-P expressed in a conserved specific order in vertebrates
55
What is the purpose of notch mediated lateral inhibition in drosophila wings?
refine cellular spacing, making sure there is one neuron in a mechanosensory bundle
56
Is expression and developmental genes like a switch? 3 reasons why?\
No, it is a gradual change 1) RNA must be translated and transcribed 2) Chromatin remodeling 3) Signals need to diffuse
57
Development of cerebral cortex
dividing progenitor cell differentiations and divides to send neurons up the **radial glial cell ladder** to form a cortical layer until it is filled, then differentiate again and repeat
58
Somites
cohesive group of cells, separated by the clefts that form as bilateral pairs
59
What germ layers do somites arise from?
mesoderm
60
What controls somite formation
oscillations in a protein concentration that serves as its own transcription inhibitor (negative feedback)
61
Intracellular development programs
With progressive divisions of a stem cell, each new daughter cell has a gene turned on that regulates its further development
62
miRNA regulation of development transition
target and degrade maternal mRNAs so that the zygotic genome can take over
63
What extracellular signal coordinate timing and developmental transitions
Hormones
64
CXCL12
extracellular signal molecule that forms concentration gradient serving as a track for migrating cells to follow
65
GPCR CXCR4
receives CXCL12 signal
66
What helps cells arrange during development
Sorting out facilitated by homophillic binding by cadherins
67
What maintains tissue boundaries?
repulsive interactions between cells
68
Eph
receptor that receives ephrins and help establish boundaries between cell groups
69
Ephrin
ligad recieved by eph that helps establish boundaries between cell groups
70
Convergent extension
cells crawl over one another in a coordinated way and elongate a structure
71
What orients cells in developing epithelia?
apical-base and/or axis-planar cell polarity
72
FGF10
signal protein produced by mesenchyme cells that signals to growing epithelial tissue to invade the mesenchyme
73
Shh
produced in response to FGF10 and sequesters its expression to cause two new FGD10 centers to arise
74
Three variables that determine the size of an organ/organism
1) cell size 2) cell number 3) amount of extracellular matrix

BMB 252 Mol/Cell Bio 2 (9 decks)

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