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A&P II Lecture > exam 3 FEMALE ONLY > Flashcards

exam 3 FEMALE ONLY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the female reproductive structures?

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, & vagina

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2
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

a pair of oval-shaped organs that develop in the abdominopelvic cavity on left & right sides of the body

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3
Q

What is the ovarian fossa?

A

a slight dent in the body wall where the ovaries rest

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4
Q

Why do the ovaries have a lumpy appearance?

A

due to developing eggs in females past puberty

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5
Q

What are the 2 layers covering the ovaries?

A

germinal epithelium & tunica albugenia

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6
Q

What is the germinal epithelium of the ovaries?

A

thin serous membrane covering

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7
Q

What is the tunica albugenia of the ovaries?

A

tough, white fibrous connective tissue (deeper layer)

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8
Q

What are the 2 indistinct regions of the functional tissue of the ovaries?

A

cortex & medulla

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9
Q

What is the cortex of the ovaries?

A

outer zone that holds developing eggs

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10
Q

What is the medulla of the ovaries?

A

deeper zone; connective tissue that holds eggs in place

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11
Q

When are oocytes released?

A

after maturation during ovulation

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12
Q

What are the fallopian tubes?

A

4-5 inch long tubes that carry the egg cell from the ovary to the uterus

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13
Q

What are the regions of the fallopian tubes?

A

infundibulum, ampulla, & isthmus

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14
Q

What is the infundibulum of the fallopian tube?

A

funnel-shaped part near ovary that has small finger-like fimbriae that sweep the ovary’s surface to guide the egg

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15
Q

What is the ampulla of the fallopian tube?

A

wide part that encircles ovary

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16
Q

What is the isthmus of the fallopian tube?

A

narrow part joining the uterus

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17
Q

What is the site of fertilization?

A

fallopian tubes

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18
Q

What are the 3 layers making up the wall of the fallopian tubes?

A

mucosa, muscularis, & serosa (deep to superficial)

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19
Q

What is the mucosa of the fallopian tube?

A

deepest; highly folded layer

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20
Q

What is the muscularis of the fallopian tube?

A

smooth muscle for peristalsis

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21
Q

What is the serosa of the fallopian tube?

A

superficial covering

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22
Q

What is the uterus?

A

upside down pear shaped organ located posterior & superior to the bladder

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23
Q

What is the site of embryo development & birth facilitation?

A

the uterus

24
Q

What are the regions of the uterus?

A

fundus, body, & cervix

25
Q

What is the fundus of the uterus?

A

dome-shaped superior part

26
Q

What is the body of the uterus?

A

mid-region; has a hollow lumen & is the site of embryo implantation

27
Q

What is the cervix of the uterus?

A

narrow inferior part with a passageway in its center called the cervical canal which is lined with mucous producing cells

28
Q

Why does the mucous in the female reproductive system change its consistency?

A

when the egg is present (ovulation), it becomes thin & stringy to act as sperm ladders helping sperm enter the fallopian tubes

29
Q

What are the 3 layers in the wall of the uterus?

A

endometrium, myometrium, & perimetrium

30
Q

What is endometrium?

A

the deepest layer lining the inside of the uterus; made of 2 parts

31
Q

What are the 2 parts of the endometrium?

A

a permanent layer that secretes a temporary layer which is shed as menstrual flow

32
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

layers of powerful, thick, interlaced smooth muscle; thickest in fundus region to aid birth

33
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A

superficial covering found only on the fundus & body regions of uterus

34
Q

What is the vagina?

A

a muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body

35
Q

What is the vagina lined with?

A

mucous-producing cells that secrete glycogen-containing mucous; “good” bacteria use this glycogen as nutrients & release acidic byproducts creating an acidic vaginal pH

36
Q

What is significant about an acidic vaginal pH?

A

it prevents harmful bacteria & yeast from growing in large numbers

37
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

the creation of oocytes/egg cells; hormonally controlled process that occurs inside ovaries beginning at month 3 of fetal development

38
Q

What are primordial follicles?

A

found in the ovary of a female fetus; a very immature diploid egg cell called oogonium

39
Q

What are follicular cells?

A

flat, scale-like cells that tightly surround the oogonium

40
Q

What happens to primordial follicles?

A

they either die & disintegrate (60%) or start the maturation process (40%)

41
Q

What does the oogonium divide into & through what process?

A

2 diploid primary oocytes through mitosis

42
Q

What happens after the primary oocyte starts meosis I?

A

it stops at month 7 of development & becomes arrested until puberty

43
Q

What is GnRH?

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone; released by the brain’s hypothalamus at puberty where it travels to the anterior region of the pituitary gland causing it to release FSH

44
Q

What does FSH do once it is released?

A

travels to the ovary & “selects” 1 primary follicle to mature

45
Q

What is a primary follicle?

A

1 primary oocyte & its follicular cells

46
Q

When the primary oocyte finishes meosis I, what does it result in?

A

1 secondary oocyte in a secondary follicle & a smaller cell called a 1st polar body which dies & disintegrates; both are haploid

47
Q

What is follicular fluid?

A

secreted by the secondary follicle’s follicular cells; a straw-colored, sticky fluid which is rich in estrogen

48
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

inhibits FSH release, affects mood, increases protein synthesis, & maintains the endometrium, sex organs, water/ion balance, & secondary sex characteristics

49
Q

Why does estrogen inhibit FSH release?

A

so we can see if the current secondary oocyte is fertilized or not

50
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics in women?

A

breast development, widening of hips, muscle distribution, etc.

51
Q

What is a Graafian follicle?

A

stage when the follicle balloons out of the ovary’s surface as the secondary oocyte continues to mature

52
Q

What is the “burst of LH”?

A

when estrogen levels are high, it triggers the anterior region of the pituitary gland to release LH (occurs on day 14 of 28-day cycle)

53
Q

What is ovulation?

A

when the burst of LH & the size of the Graafian follicle causes the ovary’s surface to break open; the egg is released into the fallopian tube & the follicle cells remain in the ovary

54
Q

How could the burst of LH be pinpointed?

A

it causes a slight increase in body temperature

55
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

formed after ovulation from the leftover follicle cells; it secretes progesterone which has estrogen-like effects

56
Q

What are the 2 main estrogen-like effects that progesterone has?

A

continues to stop FSH release & continues to maintain the endometrium

57
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

the stage after the corpus luteum is eventually reabsorbed into the ovary; its progesterone levels decline; this transformation takes about 6 weeks if the female is pregnant & 5 days if not

A&P II Lecture (9 decks)

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