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A&P II Lecture > exam 3 reproductive > Flashcards

exam 3 reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of reproduction?

A

asexual & sexual

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2
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

1 cell divides producing 2 identical offspring/daughter cells; they are identical to each other & the “parent” cell

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3
Q

What is mitosis?

A

the process in which asexual reproduction occurs; in multicellular organisms, this results in any growth/repair in the body

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4
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

2 cells (sperm + oocyte/egg) combine which involves a process called meiosis

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5
Q

What is chromatin?

A

the threadlike form in which DNA is typically found inside of cells; it is wrapped around specific proteins called histone proteins

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6
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

they are formed prior to cell division when the chromatin condenses, expands, & replicates

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7
Q

What are chromatids?

A

the left & right sides of the X-shaped chromosomes; they are identical

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8
Q

What is a centromere?

A

a sticky part in the center of the chromosome that holds the 2 chromatids together

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9
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

this term refers to chromosomes being present in pairs; in humans, there are 23 pairs (46 total)

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10
Q

How does mitosis occur?

A

the centromere dissolves & the chromatids are separated so that each daughter cell gets 1 copy of DNA

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11
Q

How does meiosis occur?

A

it occurs through 2 stages called meiosis I & meiosis II; only for cells that develop into sperm or egg

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12
Q

What happens in meiosis I?

A

it separates chromosome pairs to result in 2 haploid cells that have 1/2 the original number of chromosomes

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13
Q

What happens in meiosis II?

A

chromatids separate as the centromeres dissolve; the resulting cells (which develop into sperm & egg) have 1/2 the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

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14
Q

What is the advantage of meiosis?

A

the offspring that is formed from the fusion of sperm & egg is diploid which provides genetic variety & keeps chromosomal number constant for each generation

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15
Q

What are the male reproductive structures?

A

testes, epididymis, vas deferens, glands, & penis

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16
Q

What are the testes?

A

a pair of 2 inch long oval organs where spermatogenesis occurs (controlled hormonally)

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17
Q

Where do the testes develop in a male fetus?

A

the abdominopelvic cavity; beginning at week 12 of development, they descend as a retractable strand of tissue called gubernaculum shortens, pulling them through the inferior body wall

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18
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

a body wall opening located on each side of the midline that the testes pass through; it has blood vessels & nerves that pass from torso to legs

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19
Q

Why must the testes descend?

A

it is critical for sperm to develop at temperatures lower than internal body temperature

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20
Q

What are the layers of the testes from deep to superficial?

A

tunica albugenia, germinal epithelium, dartos muscle, & scrotum

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21
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

sack of loose skin; most superficial layer of the testes

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22
Q

What is the dartos muscle?

A

it lines the scrotum that raises & lowers testes for temperature control

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23
Q

What is the germinal epithelium?

A

thin serous membrane covering

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24
Q

What is the tunica albugenia?

A

white, tough fibrous connective tissue covering; deepest

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25
Q

What are lobules?

A

triangular regions inside the testes formed from the tunica albugenia folding inward; approximately 200 per testis; have walls between them called septa

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26
Q

What are seminiferous tubules?

A

each lobule is filled with 1-3; tiny coiled tubes where sperm is produced; approximately 0.5 miles of these tubes per testis

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27
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

a maze-like group of tubes formed from all of the seminiferous tubules merging at the edge of the testis

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28
Q

How do the sperm exit the testis?

A

through straight tubes called the efferent ducts & enter the epididymis

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29
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

a tear-drop shaped, 20-23 foot long coiled tube located on superior & posterior edge of each testis; this organ is the site of sperm maturation

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30
Q

What are the 3 regions of the epididymis?

A

head, body, & tail

31
Q

When are sperm mature enough to fertilize an egg?

A

only the sperm exiting the tail region of the epididymis

32
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

18 inch long tube that connects to the tail of the epididymis; it travels ⇧ from scrotum (& testis) ⤏ inguinal canal ⤏ body cavity & turns medially, crosses the superior edge of bladder ⇩ posterior side of bladder ⤏ base of bladder

33
Q

What are the 3 layers of the vas deferens from deep to superficial?

A

mucosa, muscularis, & serosa

34
Q

What is the mucosa layer of the vas deferens?

A

deepest; made of ciliated epithelium which aids in moving sperm

35
Q

What is the muscularis layer of the vas deferens?

A

smooth muscle for peristalsis

36
Q

What is the serosa layer of the vas deferens?

A

superficial covering

37
Q

What is the cremaster muscle?

A

covers nerves & blood vessels that wrap the vas deferens; aids dartos muscle in positioning the testes for spermatogenesis & temperature control

38
Q

What is the testicular artery & vein?

A

the blood vessel that wraps around the vas deferens

39
Q

What are the genital, testicular, & ilioinguinal nerves?

A

the nerves that wrap the vas deferens

40
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

the cremaster muscle, and the nerves & blood vessels that all cover the vas deferens

41
Q

What are the 3 types of glands in the male reproductive structures?

A

seminal vesicles, prostate, & bulbourethral glands

42
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A

a pair of honeycomb shaped glands located on the posterior inferior surface of the bladder

43
Q

What do seminal vesicles secrete?

A

carbohydrates that the sperm’s mitochondria use for ATP generation

44
Q

What is the prostate?

A

approximately 30 gland units wrapped by a fibrous capsule; donut shaped encircling the urethra

45
Q

What is the purpose of the prostate’s secretions?

A

it enhances sperm motility to make them move straighter and faster

46
Q

What are bulbourethral glands?

A

a pair of pea-sized glands embedded in the inferior body wall to the left & right of the urethra

47
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands secrete?

A

mucous that coats the urethra to protect sperm from urine residue & raises vaginal pH

48
Q

What is the penis?

A

has both urinary & reproductive function; made of the corpus spongiosum & corpora cavernosa which are compartmentalized by connective tissue & muscle

49
Q

What is the corpus spongiosum?

A

spongy tissue that surrounds urethra & forms the distal end of the penis called the glans penis

50
Q

What is the corpora cavernosa?

A

2 cylinders of erectile tissue that surround a central cavernosal artery; they have irregular-shaped open caverns that fill with blood in an erection

51
Q

When does spermatogenesis start?

A

at puberty in the seminiferous tubules

52
Q

What are spermatogonia?

A

diploid cells that line each seminiferous tubule

53
Q

What are Sertoli nurse cells?

A

found between the spermatogonia of the seminiferous tubules

54
Q

What are interstitial cells of Leydig?

A

found between the adjacent seminiferous tubules to fill in the gaps

55
Q

What is GnRH?

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone; it is released by the hypothalamus at puberty

56
Q

Where does GnRH travel?

A

to the anterior part of the pituitary gland causing it to release 2 hormones at the same time which are FSH & LH

57
Q

What is FSH?

A

follicle stimulating hormone; travels to Sertoli nurse cells causing them to release a hormone called ABP (androgen binding protein)

58
Q

What is LH?

A

luteinizing hormone; travels to interstitial cells of Leydig causing them to release testosterone

59
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

grows/maintains sex organs, increases protein synthesis (growth spurt), & causes secondary sex characteristics (body/facial hair & growth of thyroid cartilage to deepen the voice)

60
Q

What triggers spermatogenesis?

A

the combination of testosterone & ABP

61
Q

What does the spermatogonium divide into & through what process?

A

it divides into primary spermatocyte & spermatogonium through mitosis

62
Q

What does the primary spermatocyte divide into & through what process?

A

2 secondary spermatocytes (which are both haploid) through meiosis I

63
Q

What do the 2 secondary spermatocytes divide into & through what process?

A

4 spermatids through meiosis II

64
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

a process by which excess cytoplasm is enzymatically removed by Sertoli nurse cells to transform spermatids into mature sperm

65
Q

How many sperm are there per mL of semen?

A

40-300 million

66
Q

What is the sperm’s flagellum?

A

the tail; used for swimming (8 inches per hour)

67
Q

What is the sperm’s midpiece?

A

contains a spiral arrangement of mitochondria for ATP generation

68
Q

What is the sperm’s head?

A

haploid; contains DNA

69
Q

What is the sperm’s acrosome?

A

a “cap” containing species-specific enzymes that erode the outer coating of an egg

70
Q

What are gonads?

A

unisex term for the organs that produce sperm or egg (testes/ovaries)

71
Q

What are gametes?

A

unisex term for sperm or egg

72
Q

What are accessory structures?

A

found in male & female to transport or support the development of gametes

73
Q

Why do both males & females have similar hormones?

A

to control the development of gametes

A&P II Lecture (9 decks)

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