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Pathophysiology > Exam 3: Heart > Flashcards

Exam 3: Heart Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Exerted when blood is ejected from ventricles

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2
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Sustained pressure when ventricles relax

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3
Q

What alters BP?

CO, BV, PRTBF

A

Cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance to blood flow

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4
Q

What affects does ADH and aldosterone have on the heart?

A

Increases BP and increases blood volume

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5
Q

What affects does renin angiotensin have on the heart?

IVC

A

Increased vasoconstriction

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6
Q

What are the major factors that affect BP?

A
  • vessel size
  • compliance of the vessel
  • circulating fluid volume
  • blood viscosity
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7
Q

What are the defining characteristic of unstable angina?

A
  • Chronic chest pain
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8
Q

What causes left sided pulmonary edema?

A

Left ventricular heart failure

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9
Q

What is an expected finding in clients with PAD

A

1+ pulse in the lower leg

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10
Q

What is primary hypertension (idiopathic hypertension)?

A

Strongly linked to enviormental factors with genetic link

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11
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Results from another disease affecting the renal or endocrine system

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12
Q

What is hypertensive crisis?

A

Blood pressure over 180/120

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13
Q

What are risk factors for primary hypertension?

A
  • age
  • alcohol
  • diabetes
  • ethnicity
  • gender family history
  • hyperlipademia
  • sedentary
  • stress
  • Tobacco
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14
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

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15
Q

What is the cardiac output formula?

A

HR X SV

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16
Q

What is the relationship between CO and BP?

A

As CO increases, BP also increases

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17
Q

What is the function of troponin?

A

proteins that are released when the heart muscle has been damaged, such as occurs with a heart attack

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18
Q

What is peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

A

Obstruction of blood flow to the peripheral arteries

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19
Q

What is the etiology of peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

A

Atherosclerosis

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20
Q

What are risk factors for PAD?

A

Modifiable and non modifiable risk factors

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21
Q

What are the risk factors that are modifiable for PAD?

A
  • smoking
    -sedentary lifestyle
  • obesity
  • dysrlipemdiemia
  • HTN
  • diabetes
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22
Q

What are the nonmodifiable risk factors for PAD?

A
  • male
  • increasing age
  • family history of PAD
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23
Q

What are the clinical manifestation for PAD?

P, CR, CL, PARA, PAL, MA, CE, D/AP

A
  • Pain, cramps, claudication, parathesia, pallor, muscular atrophy, cool extremities, decreased/ a set pulse
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24
Q

What is peripheral venous diasease?

A

Obstruction of the veins/ blood flow back to the heart

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25
What are the risk factors for peripheral venous disease? (PVD)
- women - obseity -increased age - pregnancy - sedentary lifestyle
26
What are the clinical manifestations of PVD? P, C, G, E, FOH, tS, W/AP
- pain and cramps - gangrene - edema - feeling of heaviness - thinning skin - weak or absent pulse
27
What is an pulmonary embolism?
Clot or other material lodges in the vessels of the lungs
28
What is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism? Virchow’s triad
Hypercogulation Stasis Endothelial cancer
29
What is virchow’s triad? S, HC, ED
Stasis Hypecoagability endothelial damage
30
What is venous stasis?
Condition of slow blood flow in the veins
31
What causes venous stasis?
- immobility - pregnancy
32
What causes hypercoagulation?
- clotting disorders P smoking -pregnancy - oral contraceptives
33
What is angina pectoris?
Chest pain
34
What are the different angina?
Stable/ unstable
35
What onsets stable angina?
It is gradual, occurs usually after exercise or stress, increased o2 demand
36
What is the onset of unstable angina?
Comes unexpectedly, without exertion
37
How is stable angina resolved?
Resolved with rest and vasodilators
38
How is unstable angina resolved?
Isnt’ relived by stress or vasodilators
39
How long does unstable angina last?
More than 15 minutes
40
How long does stable angina last?
Less than 15 minutes
41
What is hypovolemic shock?
Shock resulting from blood or fluid loss
42
What is pathophysiology of hypovolemic shock? LCBV, LVR, LSV, LCO, LOL, LTP, IM
Low circulating blood volume Low venous return Low stroke volume Low cardiac Output Low O2 Low tissue perfusion Impaired metabolism
43
What causes hypovolemic shock?
Hemorrhage Dehydration Burns Blood loss
44
What happens to BP during hypovolemic shock? 100/150
Diastolic BP increases
45
What are the complications of right heart failure? PE, RF, CD
- pleural effusion - renal failure - cardiac dysthymia’s
46
What are the symptoms of right sided heart failure? PE, AB, JVD, A, HTN, A, EL/S
Pitting edema abdominal distention Anorexia Hypo/ hypertension Jugular vein distention Ascites Enlarged liver and spleen
47
What causes RSHF?
- left sided HF - atrial/ ventricular septal deficit - lung diseases
48
What is right sided heart failure? Lungs
Decreased blood flow to the lungs then backs up into the inferior/ superior vena cava
49
What are the clinical manifestations of LSHF? PE, D, T, DC, s3, F, o
- pulmonary edema - dyspnea - tachypnea - dry cough - tachycardia - S3 and crackles - oliguria - Fatigue
50
What is LSHF? Systemic
Low blood flow to the aorta and rest of the body
51
What is diastolic heart failure?
Ventricles can’t relax but still fill
52
What is systolic heart failure?
The heart can’t contract and eject
53
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for HTN?
- advanced aged - biological male - family history of HTN - DM2 - AA or Hispanic heritage
54
What are the modifiable risk factors for HTN?
- sedentary lifestyle -obseity - smoking -excessive sodium/ alcohol consumption -stress
55
What the complications of HTN? MI, S, KD, VL, PAD
- Myocardial infarction - stroke -kidney disease - vision loss - peripheral artery disease
56
What is afterload?
The amount of pressure the heart needs to work against to eject blood
57
What is the main complication of afterload?
Enlargement and thickening of the hurt muscles
58
What diagnostic test should be preformed on a pt diagnosed with HTN? CBC, FG, TSH, KF, U, ECG, OE
CBC, fasting glucose, TSH, kidney function, urinalysis, ECG, and ophthalmic exam
59
What is the patho of HTN?
Vasoconstriction would lead to increased peripheral resistance which would link to sustained HTN
60
What is coronary artery disease?
Narrowing or obstruction of the coronary arteries
61
What is the etiology of coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Narrowing caused by atherosclerosis
62
What is atherosclerosis?
A buildup of plaque on the walls of the blood vessel
63
What are the nonmodifiable factors for CAD HC, FH, M, BM
-History of hypercholesterolemia - family history - minorities - biological male
64
What is a myocardial infarction?
Death of the cardiac muscles tissue due to prolonged ischemia ( lack of oxygenated blood)
65
What is the risk factor for MI? A, G, DM, DL,HTN,FHMI, S,SL,HFD
- age ( 40 yrs and older) - gender (male) - diabetes mellitus - dyslipidemia - HTN - family history of MI - smoking - sedentary lifestyle -high fat diet
66
What is the etiology of MI?
Atherosclerosis
67
What causes a thrombus clot to form?
The plaque buildup in the coronary arteries rupture causing platelets to attach to the plaque forming a thrombus
68
What are the clinical manifestations of MI?
- severe chest pain - dysrythmia - dyspnea - nausea -vomiting -fever - diaphoresis - coolness and cyanosis of the extremities
69
What are the complications of MI? A, CGS, P, HF, PMR, PE, CD
- arrthymias - cardiogenic shock - pericarditis - heart failure - papillary muscle rupture - pulmonary edema - cardiac death
70
How is MI diagnosed?
- ECGs - troponin - creatinine - kinase - isoenzymes (CK- MB)
71
What does elevated troponin I and T mean?
Cardiac injury
72
what does an elevated CK-MB mean?
Seeing if another infarction occurs before troponin levels have returned to normal.
73
What is the etiology of congestive heart failure?
Failures caused by abnormal fillings of the ventricles so the chambers don’t get fully loaded or stretched in the first place

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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