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Pathophysiology > Final Exam: Renal > Flashcards

Final Exam: Renal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the hormones involved in reabsorption?

ADH, RAAS, ANH

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • aldosterone (RAAS)
  • atrial natriuretic hormone
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2
Q

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

Reabsorption of water in dista; convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

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3
Q

Where is ADH secreted by?

A

Posterior pituitary

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4
Q

What is the function of aldosterone (RAAS)?

A

Na+ reabsorption in exchange for K+ or H

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5
Q

Where is aldosterone secreted (RAAS)?

A

Adrenal cortex

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6
Q

What is the function of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)?

A

Reduces Na+ and fluid reabsorption

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7
Q

Where is Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) secreted?

A

From the heart

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8
Q

What are the different diagnostic tests for renal/ urinary systems?

A
  • urine tests
  • blood tests
  • imaging
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9
Q

What are the normal characteristics of urine?

C, T , P, SG, G, K, N, B, P

A

Color- pale yellow to deep ember
Turbidity- clear
Ph- 4.5-8
Specific gravity- 1.005- 1.025
Glucose- <130mg/dL
Ketones- none
Blood- none
Proteins- none

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10
Q

Oliguria

A

Little urine output

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11
Q

Anuria

A

No urine output

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12
Q

Dysuria

A

Painful urination

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13
Q

Pyuria

A

Pus in the urine

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14
Q

What is urolithiasis?

A
  • build up of calcium in the urinary tract
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15
Q

What are the complications of urolithiasis?

A
  • infection
  • hydronephrosis
  • dial action of calyces
  • atrophy of renal tissue
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16
Q

What are the two different upper urinary tract obstruction?

A
  • hydroureter
  • hydroenphrosis
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17
Q

What is hydroureter?

A

Accumulation of urine in the ureter

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18
Q

What is hydroenphrosis?

A

Enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces

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19
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Infection specific to the bladder

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20
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

Infection specific to the kidney

21
Q

What is the etiology of UTI’s?

A
  • E.coli/ other organisms
22
Q

Who/ what are the risk factors for UTI’s?

A
  • women
  • older men
  • congenital abnormalities
  • kidney stones
  • incontinence
  • retention
  • sexual activity
23
Q

What is the clinical manifestations for UTI’s?

A
  • dysuria
  • urgency
  • nocturia
24
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of cystitis?

F, AP, N, L

A
  • fever
  • abdominal pain
  • nausea
  • leukocytosis
25
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis?

F, AP, FP, N, V, L

A
  • More impressive than cystitis
  • fever
  • abdominal pain
  • flank pain
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • leukocytosis
26
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

Inflammation of the glomerulus

27
Q

What are the clinical manifestations for glomerulonephritis?

H, P, D/CU, F/PE, F/BP, O

A
  • hematuria
  • proteinuria
  • urine is dark and cloudy
  • facial and periorbital edema
  • flank or back pain
  • oliguria
28
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of UTI’s

Dysuria

A
  • painful urination
29
Q

What causes a burning sensation during uination?

A

Urethritis

30
Q

What are the characteristics of urine when infected with bacteria?

A
  • cloudy
  • foul
  • odorous
  • on occasion hematuria
31
Q

What are complications of a UTI?

A

Scarring and narrowing of the urethra, and damage to the kidneys

32
Q

What is urinary stasis?

A

Normal flow of urine is obstructed and slowed, urinary reflux is triggered

33
Q

What are the risk factors for pyelonephritis?

RAP, UR, O

A

-recurrent acute pyelonephritis
- urinary reflux
- obstructions

34
Q

What is nephrolithiasis?

Renal calculi

A

Kidney stones

35
Q

How do kidney stones form?

A

Solutes in the urine suck up the solution and crystallize

36
Q

What are risk factors for renal calculi?

A
  • hypercalcemia
  • hypercalciuria
37
Q

What is the etiology of hypercalcemia?

ICA, HPT

A

Increased calcium absorption in the GI or hyperparathyroidism

38
Q

What is the etiology of hypercalciuria?

A

Impaired renal tubular reabsorption of calcium

39
Q

How is kidney stones diagnosed?

A
  • X- rays, ultrasound, CT
  • urinalysis
40
Q

What is Nephrotic syndrome?

A

Glomerulus is filtering too much protein causing proteinuria

41
Q

What is the of etiology of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Bacterial infection causes by a lower infection UTI

42
Q

What is the patho of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Damage to the glomerular basement membrane which causes an increase in permeability

43
Q

What are the complications of nephrotic syndrome?

PU, HA, E, HTN, HL

A
  • protienuria
  • hypoalbuminemia
  • edema
  • HTN
  • hyperlipidemia
44
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Edema, ascites, weight gain, hypovolemia, and foamy urine

45
Q

What are the diagnostic testing for nephrotic syndrome?

A
  • urinalysis
  • I and O’s
  • PTT
46
Q

What are most cervical cancers caused by?

A

HPV

47
Q

What are risk factors for cervical cancers?

A
  • unprotected sex
  • multiple sexual partners
  • smoking
    -compromised immune system
  • obesity
  • long term use of oral contraceptive pills
  • FH of cervical cancers
48
Q

What is the patho of cervical cancers?

A

The virus inserts itself into immature squamous cells changing the cells DNA ( metaplasia ) which then leads to dysplasia

49
Q

What is Carcinoma in situ?

A

Cells that appear cancerous but aren’t and do not metastasize

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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