Exam 3 - Immune

Question 1

nonspecific (innate) defense

Answer 1

ready to attack anything
tries to keep foreign thing localized
skin, mucous membranes
fast
can’t remember pathogen again in the future

Question 2

specific (adaptive) defense

Answer 2

attacks a specific thing
specialized cells - B and T lymphocytes
lag time, slow
memory cells remember pathogen easily in the future

Question 3

the skin is a dry ___ membrane and one of the ___ external nonspecific defenses and it also creates an ___ so if things land on the skin the pH of pathogen is disrupted

Answer 3

cutaneous, strongest, acidic environment

Question 4

a mucous membrane lines all free body ___ and acts as a trap by ___ and also creates an ___ environment. it also secretes ___ enzymes which ___ proteins

Answer 4

cavities, secreting mucus, acidic, digestive, denature

Question 5

phagocytes ___ foreign things through ___ and break them down

Answer 5

engulf, cellular extensions

Question 6

macrophages started out as ___ that went through ____ there are ___ macrophages and ____ macrophages

Answer 6

monocytes, diapedesis, fixed, free

Question 7

fixed macrophages are attached to the ___ in ___ of lymphoid organs

Answer 7

stroma, germinal centers

Question 8

free macrophages are ____ and free in ____

Answer 8

unattached, fluids/interstitial space

Question 9

neutrophils are ___ blood cells that circulate through our bodies, they dont become ___ until they encounter a ___

Answer 9

white, activated/phagocytic, pathogen

Question 10

eosinophils are ___ that only attack ___ and are always in ____

Answer 10

white blood cells, parasitic worms, circulation

Question 11

mast cells bind to and ingest ___ and use ___ to break them down

Answer 11

bacteria, lysosomes/enzymes

Question 12

natural killer cells are ___ type of T lymphocyte that bind to and ___ our own body cells that have been infected by a ____ or are ____ they are also not phagocytic they are ____

Answer 12

nonspecific, lyse, virus, cancerous, lytic

Question 13

inflammation is an internal, ____ immune response that attempts to stop the ___ of anything that has breached external defenses. it triggers the release of ___ that cause a bunch of lymphocytes to accumulate to do the actual repair and killing (set stage for repair) and its 4 cardinal signs are:

Answer 13

nonspecific, spread, chemicals/cytokines, redness, swelling, heat, pain

Question 14

purpose of inflammation is to ___ foreign things that may have gotten in and stop them from ___ in the body

Answer 14

isolate, spreading

Question 15

antimicrobial proteins either __ microorganisms or interfere with their ___ process the two examples are ___ and ____

Answer 15

kill, reproductive, Interferons (IFN) and complement protein system

Question 16

interferons are a ___ that is secreted by an ___ cell, which protects its ___ cells
process:
virus infects a ___ –> virus replicates itself using ___ of host cell –> virus causes cell to ___ and release virus to ____ cells

Answer 16

chemical/protein, infected, neighboring, cell, dna, burst, neighboring

Question 17

complement system is a group of more than 20 ___ proteins that are circulating in our ___ when they encounter something foreign they become ___ and they stimulate ___

Answer 17

inactive, blood, activated, inflammation

Question 18

fever is the elevation of the whole body ___ it is a ___ response to infection that attempts to prevent ___ and its advantage is that it can slow down ___ of bacteria by ___ their enzymes

Answer 18

temperature, systemic, spreading, replication, inactivating

Question 19

phagocytic mechanism:
1. phagocytic cell recognizes something as ___ bc of the ___ that are on it and are enhanced by ____
2. cell uses ___ to attach to the pathogen through ___
3. pathogen is pulled inside the cell in a ___ called a ____ which binds to lysosome to form a ___
4. lysosomal ___ digest the pathogen
5. ___ bodies are formed and then ___ from cell and put into ___ space

Answer 19

foreign, carbohydrate surface markers, opsonization, cytoplasmic extensions, adhesion, vacuole, phagosome, phagolysosome, enzymes, residual, expelled, interstitial

Question 20

1. NTK cells detect ___ or ___ cells through lack of correct ___ markers or presence of certain ___
2. releases ____ that ___ a cell by ___ the cells plasma mem
3. ___ appear in target cells and a ___ disintegrates
4. cell is ___

Answer 20

infected, cancerous, self, sugars
perforins, kill, perforating
channels, nucleus
destroyed

Question 21

Inflammatory mechanism:
1. __ like receptors on the surface of ___ are what allows them to recognize pathogens
2. these release ___ which promote ___ and attract ___
3. they also stimulate inflammatory mediators to release ___ such as ___ and ___
4. vessels in injured area ___ and increase ___
5. ___ occurs and ___ leaks out of blood vessels and accumulates which causes ___

Answer 21

toll, macrophages
cytokines, inflammation, wbcs
inflammatory mediator chemicals, histamine, prostaglandins
dilate, permeability
hyperemia, exudate, edema

Question 22

redness and head are caused by accumulation of ___ caused by ___

Answer 22

blood, hyperemia

Question 23

swelling is caused by accumulation of ___ which is ___ which is caused by ___

Answer 23

floods, edema, exudate

Question 24

pain - as __ accumulate, ___ are stimulated caused by ___

Answer 24

fluids, nociceptors, edema

Question 25

results of inflammation: 1. ___ cells at site of damage release ___ 2. causes an increase in ___ released by ___ 3. loss of fluids due to increased ___ of blood vessels ___ blood flow locally 4. causes production of ___ 5. ___ occurs 6. neutrophils escape ___ into interstitial space and leave circulation through ___ 7. inflammatory mediator chemicals act as ___ agents 8. ___ follow neutrophils and become ___ after diapedesis / leaving caps and clean up site via ___

Answer 25

injured, leukocytosis-inducing factors, neutrophils, red bone marrow, permeability, slows down, selectins, margination, capillaries, diapedesis, chemotactic, monocytes, macrophages, phagocytosis

Question 26

1. cells infected by virus release ___ 2. these diffuse and bind to ___ cells 3. ___ protein synthesis is stimulated and produced by those neighboring cells 4. this interferes w ___ pathway 5. IFNS also activate ___ and ___

Answer 26

interferons (IFNs) adjacent PKR viral replication pathway macrophages and NTK cells

Question 27

classical complement system 1. ___ bind to ___ and it is a ___ immune pathway that is activated by the __ immune system 2. ____ proteins bind to ___ pathogen complex through complement fixation 3. a series of ___ leads to ___, ___ and/or ___

Answer 27

antibodies, pathogens, nonspecific, specific complement, antibody reactions, lysis, phagocytosis, inflammation

Question 28

alternative complement system 1. ___ proteins bind to ____ molecules on pathogens ___ 2. series of ___ leads to ___, ___. and/or ___ this pathway doesn't need activation

Answer 28

complement, polysaccharide, directly reactions, lysis, phagocytosis, inflammation

Question 29

fever mechanism: 1. when WBCs and ___ are exposed to pathogens, they secrete ___ 2. these cause hypothalamus to ___ body temp 3. increased temp reduces amount of __ and ___ that is available - we stop taking these out of storage bc bacteria will replicate w them - important to know if sickness is viral or bacterial

Answer 29

macrophages, pyrogens reset iron, zinc

Question 30

any disease causing agent in our body are

Answer 30

pathogens

Question 31

any substances that promote an immune response are

Answer 31

antigens

Question 32

immunogenicity is a stimulation of ___ in specific lymphocytes and ___ which activates the specific immune system to make ___ and __ lymphocytes

Answer 32

increase, antibodies, B and T

Question 33

reactivity is the ability to __ with ___ lymphocytes or antibodies

Answer 33

react, activated

Question 34

antigenic determinants are __ on the surface of a ___ causing something to be immunogenic and reactive

Answer 34

markers, foreign thing

Question 35

MHC are ___ antigens every cell has __ on its ___ MHC markers are not ___ meaning our own body cells don't activate our immune system when they are normal and healthy

Answer 35

self markers, surface immunogenic

Question 36

characteristics of specific immunity ___ specific not immediately ___ meaning there is a ___ systemic meaning they can function ___ in body provides ___

Answer 36

pathogen active, lag time anywhere memory

Question 37

humoral pathway of specific immunity humoral = ___ involves production of ___ lymphocytes bind to: ___ pathogens and produce ___ act ___ meaning they only mark the pathogens to be __ with ___

Answer 37

fluid of body antibodies free floating, antibodies indirectly destroyed, antibodies

Question 38

cell mediated immune response lymphocytes bind to: act ___ and they ___, ___ cells

Answer 38

pathogens directly, lyse, infected

Question 39

all lymphocytes are produced by ____ in ___ bone marrow ___ cells become immunocompetent in thymus __ cells become immunocompetent in bone marrow and thymus + bone marrow both are ____ these cells then mature in ___ lymphocytes ___ fully functional until bound w an antigen

Answer 39

lymphoid stem cells, red T B primary lymphoid organs secondary lymphoid organs are not

Question 40

naive immunocompetent cells: genetics determines the ___ to recognize something they reside in ___ lymphoid organs

Answer 40

ability, secondary

Question 41

antigen presenting cells are any cell that has __ on its surfaces and its these that activate the __ and __ lymphocytes

Answer 41

antigens, B, T

Question 42

primary humoral response: 1. ___ antigen binds w surface receptors on naive immunocompetent __ lymphocyte 2. __ selection occurs 3. most clones become __ cells which produce ___ that just __ for destruction 4. some clone cells become __ cells

Answer 42

free floating, B clonal plasma, antibodies, mark memory

Question 43

titer is the measure of the amount of __ in the ___

Answer 43

antibodies, blood

Question 44

secondary humoral response 1. this occurs the __ time we are infected 2. same mechanism as ___ 3. antibodies last ___ 4. more __ are produced and titer is much __ 5. immune response is __, lasts __, and it is more __

Answer 44

2nd primary months antibodies higher faster, longer, effective

Question 45

activate immunity : antigens that activate cells to evoke __ response, produce ___ and then __ cells are produced our ___ produced and activated these

Answer 45

immune, antibodies, memory own body

Question 46

passive immunity: get antibodies that we ___ produce they come from a ___ source

Answer 46

did not exogenous / external

Question 47

natural active: body is infected and responds by producing ___

Answer 47

antibodies recovering from chicken pox

Question 48

natural passive: natural but ___ in body

Answer 48

put mom passes on antibodies to baby through placenta/breastfeeding

Question 49

artificial active: get weakened organism that will have __that will cause the body to produce ___

Answer 49

antigens, antibodies flu vaccine

Question 50

artificial passive: ___ antibodies

Answer 50

injecting monoclonal antibodies

Question 51

antibody structure: complex ___ that have __ subunits heavy chains are proteins w __ subunits that are ___ light chains are __ identical on the ___

Answer 51

proteins, 4 2, identical 2, outside

Question 52

variable region is ___ and will determine what antibody can attach to because it contains ___ and it is the __ of Y

Answer 52

different antigen binding site top

Question 53

constant region is the __ and contains the ___ chain and determines how the __ is destroyed and is the ___ of Y

Answer 53

same heavy antigen bottom

Question 54

antigen binding site is the top of __ region and where the __ binds and __ proteins will bind to this and kill it

Answer 54

variable, antigen, complement

Question 55

IgD is a ___ and it is basically the receptors on the surface of the ___ lymphocytes

Answer 55

monomer, B

Question 56

IgG is a ___ and it is the most ___ and it is produced in the __ response and the ___ secondary response and these can cross ___

Answer 56

monomer, abundant, late primary, early, placenta

Question 57

IgE is a ___ and its constant region binds to ___ cells or ___ and they cause the release of __ which triggers ___ IgG:IgE ratio is important in people will allergies because____

Answer 57

monomer, mast, basophils, histamine, inflammation, people w allergies produce more IgEs than IgGs

Question 58

IgA is a ___ found in ___ and other bodily secretions. they bind to antigens before the antigen can get on ___ surfaces which prevent their entry into the body and it just kind of ___ them together

Answer 58

dimer, mucus, epithelial, dumps

Question 59

IgM is a ___ and is the __ antibody secreted by __ cells during the ___ immune response and it indicates that you were ___ infected and constant region fixes ___ protein also causes ___

Answer 59

pentomer, first, plasma, primary, recently, complement, agglutination

Question 60

the function of antibodies are determined by the ___ region on the antibody antigen-antibody complex does ___ destroy directly and ___ system can now bind __ lymphocytes can now bind they provide site for binding of ___ proteins block sites on pathogens through ___ causes clumping of antigen-containing cells through ___ causes clumping of ___

Answer 60

constant, not, complement, B, complement, neutralization, agglutination, soluble antigen molecules

Question 61

monoclonal antibodies are ___ prepared and used in immunization and ___ often used as part of ___ treatment and usually created by ___

Answer 61

commercially, research, cancer, bacteria

Question 62

cells mediated immune response goes after things that have already ___ our cells 1. ___ lymphocyte binds w antigen infected ___ cell and needs to have a __ binding 2. ___ signals are present which are secreted from __ binding and activate __ cells 3. T cells are ___ 4. __ are produced 5. some become __ cells

Answer 62

infected T, body, 2nd costimulatory, 2nd, T activated clones memory

Question 63

natural killers t cells are ___ and have ___ surface receptors

Answer 63

nonspecific, glycol-protein

Question 64

helper t cells are ___ and act as ___ cells they attack body cells that express ___ and activates __ t cells and ___ lymphocytes

Answer 64

CD4, regulatory, bacteria, killer, b

Question 65

cytotoxic cells are __ and attack body cells that have __ infection or ___ they directly ___ and ___ cells for which they have a ___ they attack and bind class __ MHC and also secretes ___ chemicals and is stimulated by the release of ___

Answer 65

CD8, viral, cancer, attack, kill, receptor, I, lytic, co stimulatory

Question 66

suppressor cells are a ___ cell that when activated, they cytokines they release ___ b cells and t cells they conserve __ when we don't need an immune response

Answer 66

regulatory, shut off, energy

Question 67

Class I MHC are ___ and ___ receptors on T cells bind to these

Answer 67

endogenous, CD8 cancer starts to replicate

Question 68

Class II MHC is ___and ___ receptors on T cells attack these which lymphocytes are involved?

Answer 68

exogenous, Cd4, both bacteria that got into the body

Question 69

immunodeficiencies are any condition that causes immune cells to behave ___ and ___ in number of immune cells

Answer 69

abnormally, decrease

Question 70

autoimmune diseases: our immune cells attack our own ___ cells and we have an inability to ___ self cells from non self cells

Answer 70

self, differentiate

Question 71

hypersensitivities are responses to ___

Answer 71

allergies

Question 72

allergens are a substance that causes an ___

Answer 72

allergic reaction

Question 73

SCIDS is a ___ immunodeficiency in which body cant produce __ and __ lymphocytes bc of missing ___ weak __ system

Answer 73

congenital, B, T, dna/enzymes, immune

Question 74

AIDS is an __ immunodeficiency, like __, it is brought abt by __ to ___ virus that destroys ___ t cells

Answer 74

HIV, exposure, HIV, helper

Question 75

autoimmune diseases

Answer 75

multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, graves disease, juvenile diabetes, type 1 lupus, rheumatoid arthritis

Question 76

multiple sclerosis ___ ____ matter of brain

Answer 76

attacks, white

Question 77

myasthenia gravis attakcs the ___ junctions in ___ muscle and you lose ___ muscular control

Answer 77

neuromuscular, skeletal, voluntary

Question 78

graves disease attacks ___ gland and you have __ eyeballs

Answer 78

thyroid, bulgy

Question 79

juvenile diabetes type 1 attacks ___ cells which means there is a ___ in available insulin production

Answer 79

pancreatic, decrease

Question 80

lupus attacks __ cells, ___, ___, skin leaves marks that look like ___ bites ___ rash

Answer 80

skin, kidneys, heart wolf butterfly

Question 81

rheumatoid arthritis attacks the ___ membrane of ___

Answer 81

synovial, joints

Question 82

three types of hypersensitivities

Answer 82

immediate, subacute, delayed

Question 83

immediate hypersensitivity is ___ and an example is ___

Answer 83

immediate, anaphylaxis

Question 84

subacute ___ hours after exposure like a ___

Answer 84

1-3, blood transfusion

Question 85

delayed hypersensitivity: ___ after exposure, like a __

Answer 85

1-3 days, poison ivy

Question 86

four types of transplants

Answer 86

isograft, autograft, allograft, xenograft

Question 87

isograft comes from ___ and same ___ marker

Answer 87

identical twin, MHC

Question 88

autograft comes from __ uses tissue of ___ person

Answer 88

another body part, same

Question 89

allograft have to get from someone with ___ of our own like a ___

Answer 89

close resemblance cousin

Question 90

xenograft comes from a ___

Answer 90

different species