Exam 3 - Respiratory Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
the respiratory system is tightly linked with _____
A
cellular respiration
2
Q
the respiratory system functions to carry ___ and ___ & allows for an ___ of these things
A
oxygen, wastes, exchange
3
Q
Pulmonary Respiration is the movement of ___ into and out of the ___ and it includes ___ and ___
A
air, lungs, inspiration, expiration
4
Q
External Respiration involves taking oxygen out of the ___ and bringing it into the ___ and taking carbon dioxide out of the ___ and putting it into the ___
A
lungs, blood, blood lungs
5
Q
Gaseous Transport is the ___ of gasses through the ___
A
circulation, body
6
Q
Internal Respiration is the exchange between the ___ system and the ___ of the body
it involves taking oxygen out of the ___ and moving it into the ___ and taking carbon dioxide out of the ___ and into the ___
A
circulatory, tissues, capillaries, tissues, tissues, capillaries
7
Q
Respiratory Apparatus Pathway first part
1. Normal path for entry of air is through the ___
2. air passes through the __ cavity which connects to the ____ which merges with the ___
3. Air passes through the ___ which splits into two ___ bronchi which go to each of the ___
A
nose
nasal
pharynx
larynx
trachea
primary
lungs
8
Q
Respiratory Apparatus Continued
1. the primary bronchi branch to become ___ which go to each __ of lungs
2. these branch to form ___ bronchi which branch to form ___
3. these branch to __ bronchioles which branch to ___ bronchioles
4. these dead end into little sacs called ___
A
secondary bronchi
lobe
tertiary
bronchioles
terminal
respiratory
alveoli
9
Q
The Conducting Zone consists of ___ structures which ___ air and it ___, ___, and ___ it
it includes the ___, __ cavity, ___, ___, ___, all of the ___, ___, and ____ bronchioles
A
rigid, move, humidifies, heats, filters
nose, nasal, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal
10
Q
Respiratory Zone is the site where __ respiration takes place. It includes only the ___ bronchioles and the __ which are both ___ structures
A
external, respiratory, alveoli, microscopic
11
Q
Respiratory Actions of the nose are
A
passageway, warmth + moisture, filters w vibrissae hair
12
Q
Nonrespiratory actions of the nose are
A
resonating chamber (gives tonal quality to voice) and olfactory receptors
13
Q
describe the external nares of the nasal cavity
A
aka nostrils, serve as entryway
14
Q
describe the vestibule of the nasal cavity
A
immediately inside external nares, have vibrissae and mucus
15
Q
describe the vibrissae of the nasal cavity
A
thick, short, coarse hairs in nose that filter
16
Q
describe the internal nares of the nasal cavity
A
posterior nasal aperture that helps move air in a controlled way
17
Q
describe the paranasal sinuses of the nasal cavity
A
echoes voice + gives tonal quality
lightens skull
air is heated and moistened here
18
Q
the oral and nasal cavity are separated by the…
A
soft/fleshy & bony/hard palate
19
Q
the palate allows us to
A
breathe while we eat
20
Q
the olfactory mucosa is where the olfactory____ are located
A
chemoreceptors
21
Q
the respiratory mucosa is composed of ___ and __ sweep particles toward the ___ which causes it to __ so we __ and expel the particles
A
PCEE, cilia, throat, itch, cough
22
Q
associated cells with the nasal mucosae
A
goblet, mucous glands, serous glands, defensins
23
Q
goblet cells are ___ and they produce ___
A
unicellular, mucus
24
Q
mucous glands are ___ and they ___, produce ___, and ___ to destroy ___
A
multicellular, protect, mucus, enzymes, bacteria
25
serous glands are ___, they produce ___ and ___ to ___ bacteria
protective, mucus, enzymes, destroy
26
defensins are ___ produced ____ which ___ bacteria
normally, antibodies, break apart
27
the pharynx is a
common structure between nasal and oral cavities
28
the nasopharynx is associated with the ___ and is where ___ passes through which is composed of ___
nasal cavity, air, PCEE
29
name the associated structures with the nasopharynx
uvula and pharyngotympanic tubules
30
when we ___, the uvula pivots backward and closes off the ___ from the ___ cavity which prevents ___ from going the ___ direction
swallow, nasopharynx, nasal, food, wrong
31
the pharyngotympanic tubules connect our ___ to the ___ and it equalizes ___ in the ___ to the ___ pressure. at the end thats closest to the nasopharynx, the openings of these tubes are surrounded by a ___ that can trap ___
middle ear, nasopharynx, pressure, middle ear, atmospheric, tonsil, pathogens
32
the oropharynx is associated with the ___ cavity and both __ and __ pass through here. it switches from ___ to ___ because food can be abrasive
includes ___ which are its arch and cause our food to go down
oral, food, air, PCEE, stratified squamous, fauces
33
the laryngopharynx is associated with the ___ and __ and __ travel through and get __ here. food goes down the ___ and air goes down the ___ it is composed of ____ epithelium
larynx, food, air, separated, esophagus, trachea, stratified squamous
34
larynx, aka adam's apple/voice box, is a rigid structure composed of ___ and the ___ bone that produces ___
hyaline cartilage, hyoid, voice
35
the larynx provides an ___ airway and keeps it like so because of the ___ of the tissues that make it up
open, rigidity
36
the larynx directs food and air so the epiglottis stays open when we're ___ and air goes down the ___ but when we are eating the ___ covers the ___ so that food will be directed down the ___
breathing, trachea, epiglottis, trachea, esophagus
37
what are the 3 vocal structures
(true) vocal folds, glottis, (false) vocal folds/vestibular folds
38
in vocal folds, as __ passes by these folds on its way ___, they __ and a buzzing sound is produced. this then echoes and resonates and gets converted to the ___ that we hear
air, out, vibrate, sounds
39
the glottis is the ___ of the larynx
opening
40
the vestibular folds, change the ___ of the opening and the ___ on the true vocal folds; these contain the ____ that contract the ___
size, tension, muscles, vocal folds
41
the trachea is composed of rings of ____ cartilage in the shape of a ___ which prevent it from collapsing by keeping it __ and ___, the back portion of these rings is composed of ____ and the ___ wall of the trachea is also the __ wall of the esophagus so when we don't swallow the esophagus is ___ and when we do swallow we have to extend the ___ which is why ___ shape is important
hyaline, C, open, rigid, smooth muscle, back, front, flat, trachea, C
42
the carina is the ___ tracheal cartilage which is a weird shaped piece of ___ cartilage located at the division of the two primary bronchi
last, hyaline
43
what are the 3 tracheal layers
mucosa, submucosa, adventitia
44
the mucosa is composed of ___ and has ____ cells associated and things can get trapped in the ____ which will push particles up toward the throat
PCCE, goblet, cilia/mucus
45
the submucosa is beneath the ___ and is compsoed of ___ CT
mucosa, deep irregular
46
the adventitia is deep to the ___ and tracheal cartilage is ___ cartilage
submucosa, hyaline
47
describe the primary bronchi
cuboidal epithelium 2 bronchioles on each side
48
describe the secondary bronchi
2 on L, 3 on R
one extends into each side
49
describe the tertiary bronchi
branch off secondary
50
describe the bronchioles
branch off tertiary
51
describe the terminal bronchioles
branch off bronchioles
52
describe respiratory bronchioles
start of respiratory zone
gas exchange
connect to alveoli
53
what is the structure of the lungs
pleural cavities, cardiac notch, lobes and alveoli
54
describe the pleural cavities
contains lungs and heart sits in the middle of this but has its own sac
55
describe the cardiac notch
heart takes up one of the lungs lobes on L side
56
describe the lobes of the lungs
2 on L, 3 on R
57
describe the alveoli of the lungs
little sacs where gas exchange occurs
2 cell layers and is a functional unit
58
components of alveolar structure
type I and II cells, pulmonary caps, resp membrane, alveolar pores, alveolar macrophages
59
the type I cells of alveolar structure are made up of ___ and they make up the wall they are more ___ than type II and it is a ___ layer which is good for ___
simple squamous, abundant, thin, exchange
60
pulmonary capillaries of alveolar structure surround ___ cells
type I
61
the resp membrane of alveolar structure are around __ cells and ___ and it is where gasses must ___ for ___ to occur
type I, pulmonary caps, cross, exchange
62
type II cells are ___ and secrete ___ to reduce surface ___ of fluid and is less abundant than ___ and facilitates with __ transfer
cuboidal, surfactant, tension, type I, gas
63
alveolar pores connect neighboring __ to equalize __ in the lungs
alveoli, pressure
64
alveolar macrophages clean exchange ___ and it is the last chance to remove __ before they get into the ___
membrane, pathogens, bloodstream
65
the pleurae is a __ layered __ membrane
double, serous
66
the parietal pleura belongs to the ___ and lines the inside of the ___ cavity
cavity, thoracic
67
the visceral pleura belongs to the ___ and it is the covering of the ___
organ, lungs
68
the pleural cavity is the ___ between parietal and visceral pleura
space
69
pleural fluid is the fluid within the ___
pleural cavity
70
why are the pleural fluids important for lung functioning
it allows for lung expansion when the thoracic cavity expands it basically is a glue that makes the lungs stick to the thoracic cavity in order to follow its shape
71
pulmonary ventilation consists of ___ which is moving air ___ lungs and ___ which is moving air ___ lungs
inspiration, into, expiration, out of
72
pulmonary ventilation is regulated by ___,___,___,___,___
pressure, volume, resistance, surface tension, compliance
73
pressure is air moving from ___ to ___ pressure and when atmospheric pressure is ___ than the pressure inside our lungs, air will move INTO the lungs
high, low, higher
74
as volume increases, pressure ___
as volume decreases, pressure ___
decreases, increases
75
resistance in tube is normally ___ and certain conditions can cause them to ___ which will ___ resistance and resistance is basically ____
zero, constrict, increase, friction
76
surface tension is the ___ resistance to ___ movement, and as it increases, the amount of air that can pass through ___
type ___ cells release ___ which reduce surface tension
liquid, gas, decreases, II, surfactants
77
compliance is the ___ of the lungs which change their size which changes the ___ inside and causes the movement of __
the higher the compliance of lungs, the __ the ability to change their ___
stretchiness, pressure, air, greater, volume
78
types of pressure
atmospheric, intrapulmonary, intrapleural, transpulmonary
79
atmospheric pressure is the pressure ___ our bodies and on average it is about __ mmHg which stays relatively ____
outside, 760, constant
80
intrapulmonary pressure is inside the ___ of the ___ which changes when we ___
alveoli, lungs, breathe
81
intrapleural pressure is the pressure in the ___ which is ___ our lungs and its what changes to then allow the lungs to change
pleural cavity, outside
82
transpulmonary pressure is the difference between ___ and ___ pressure which is always ___ than ___
it is responsible for keeping the lungs from ___
interpleural, intrapulmonary, greater, interpleural, collapsing
83
boyles law is the relationship between __ and ___ which are __ related
when we inhale, the thoracic cavity ___ and when we exhale it ___
volume, pressure, inversely,expands, compresses
84
equation for boyles law
P1V1 = P2V2
85
inspiration: when we have a muscular ___ which separates the __ cavity from the ___ cavity. we also have muscles between the ribs called the ____. when we are going to breathe the inspiratory muscles ___ which are the ___ + ____
contraction, thoracic, abdominal, external intercostal muscles, contract, diaphragm, external intercostal muscles
86
inspiration: as the diaphragm contracts, it pulls __ which results in an ___ in thoracic cavity volume and when the intercostal muscles contract, they pull ___ which results in an ___ in thoracic cavity volume
down, increase, up, increase
87
inspiration: lungs get stretched because the ___ holds them to the ___ wall and therefore ___ pressure drops and atmospheric gasses move ___
pleural fluid, thoracic, intrapulmonary, in
88
expiration: diaphragm and intercostal muscles return to their __ state and thoracic cavity is ___ so ___ pressure increases and gasses move __ of lungs
relaxed, compressed, intrapulmonary, out
89
tidal volume is your
normal breathing
90
inspiratory reserve volume is a
big breath in
when we need more air
up to 6x more on top of tidal volume
91
expiratory reserve volume is ___ and lungs must always be ___
pushing more air out
but we cant push as much out bc lungs could collapse
lungs must always be inflated
92
residual volume is
the amount of air that remains in lungs even when we exhale as hard as we can to keep alveoli open and maintain gas exchange to prevent lungs from collapsing
93
anatomical dead space is
conducting zone
doesn't contribute to gas exchange as it is stuck in passageway
94
inspiratory capacity is
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve
95
functional residual capacity is
air remaining in lungs
96
vital capacity is
all moveable air
97
total lung capacity is
vital capacity + residual volume
98
non resp air movements
coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccuping, yawning
99
dalton's law states that the pressure exerted by a __ of gasses is the __ of the __ of each individual gas
partial pressure of any gas in a mixture is __ proportional to its ___ composition
mixture, sum, pressures, directly, percentage
100
external respiration in daltons law for oxygen: alveolar PO2 is ___ mmHg and pulmonary capillary PO2 is __ mmHg. gasses move from __ to __ and pressure of O2 is higher in the __ than in the __ so O2 diffuses into the blood until an equilibrium of ___ mmHg is reached
104, 40 high, low, lungs, capillaries, 104
101
external respiration in daltons law for carbon dioxide:
alveolar PO2 is __ mmHg
pulmonary capillary PO2 is __ mmHg
pressure of CO2 is higher in the __ than in the __ so it will leave the __, pass through the __ membrane and enter the __ sac
CO2 diffuses __ of blood until equilibrium of __ mmHg is reached
40
45
capillaries, lungs
capillary, respiratory, alveolar
40
102
henry's law states that when a mixture of gasses comes in contact with a __, each gas dissolves in it in proportion to its ___ and the higher the pressure of a gas, the __ of it we can get into the ___
liquid, partial pressure, more, liquid
103
factors affecting external respiration
partial pressure, solubility, ventilation-perfusion coupling, respiratory membrane surface areas, thickness
104
partial pressure: anything that affects the __ gradient will affect ___
the __ the gradient the __ the exchange
pressure, exchange, greater, greater
105
solubility: the __ the solubility, the __ the amount of exchange
higher, higher
106
ventilation =
breathing
107
perfusion =
exchange
108
in ventilation perfusion we pair __ flow with __ availability which in turn affects the amount of __ which is the __ throughout the body that can occur and this is our body's mechanism that makes sure we are delivering __ to where its needed by reducing the amount of __ sent to areas that dont need it
blood, ventilation, perfusion, blood flow, oxygen, blood
109
respiratory mem: arrangement of lungs into numerous tiny __ increases ___ for exchange
ex. is emphysema which involves the __ of alveoli, so the amount of exchange is ___
sacs, surface area, destruction, reduced
110
thickness: increased amount of fluid makes it __ for gasses to transfer across
ex___
harder, pneumonia
111
gaseous transport is a function of the __ system to deliver __
circulatory, gases
112
oxygen is bound to ___ portion of hemoglobin and about 98% is transported as ___ and remaining amount is transported in __
heme, oxyhemoglobin, plasma
113
carbon dioxide is bound as ___ and most is in the ___ (__%) and of that found there only about 10% stays as __ and the rest is converted into ___
carbaminohemoglobin, plasma, 80%, Co2, bicarbonate
114
the haldane effect: Co2 transport __ when there is low O2 and the presence of it actually suppresses CO2 and if the amt of Co2 increases, the __ of blood can change
increases, pH
115
the blood buffer system is
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer
116
blood buffer: one of the most __ buffers in regulating blood pH
carbonic acid quickly dissociates into __ and __ which is a buffer that helps stabilize the pH of blood
formula:
important, H+, HCo3-
H2CO3
117
internal respiration oxygen:
partial pressure of O2 in caps is __ mmHg
partial pressure of O2 in tissues is __ mmHg
oxygen diffuses out of blood until equilibrium of __ mmHg is reached
104, 40, 40
118
internal respiration carbon dioxide:
co2 at pressure of __ mmHg in blood
co2 at pressure of __ mmHg in tissues
co2 moves out of tissues into blood until equilibrium of __ mmHg is reached
40,45,40
119
what is eupnea
normal rhythm of breathing
120
normal rate of respiration is __ to __ bpm and it is set by the ___
there is a component of the __ called the __ center and part of it is composed of a group of ___ called the ___
12,15, brain, medulla, inspiratory, neurons, VRG (ventral resp group)
121
the VRG sends a neural signal down the __ and __ nerves which stimulates the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles to ___
__ occurs
thorax __
pressure __
air rushes __ lungs
phrenic, intercostal
contract
inspiration
expands
decreases
into
122
when VRG becomes dormant....
___ occurs
thorax ___
pressure ___
air rushes __ lungs
expiration
compresses
increases
out of
123
VRG assistants
DRG and PRG
124
the DRG is another part of the ___ which assists the VRG when we need to have __ breathing it affects the __ and __ of breathing
medulla/respiratory center, strenuous, rate, depth
125
the PRG is another assistant located in the ___ which assists/inhibits the VRG and it ___ our breathing and __ more essentially causing breathing to become more ___
pons, slows down, exhale more, shallow
126
irritant reflexes are
irritants that cause coughing
they cause constriction and interruption of breathing
127
hering breuer reflex stops ___ and it is a ___ measure to make sure lungs dont ___ it activates ___ and inhibits ___
inhalation, protective, overextend, baroreceptors/stretch receptors, VRG
128
hypothalamic controls have to do with
pain, amygdala, and subconscious /involuntary control
when you are super happy / excited breathing rate speeds up
when sad breathing rate goes down
129
conscious controls example
cerebral cortex can override and control skeletal muscle to take a deep breath
130
chemical controls ___ to medulla
send signals
chemoreceptors that track pH, O2, CO2
131
obstructive emphysema is the destruction of ___ and reduces __ area and __ exchange it is caused by __
alveoli, surface, gas, smoking
132
chronic bronchitis is when we have excess __ in the bronchial tree due to the presence of atmospheric __
mucus, irritants
133
asthma is the inflammation of the __ and it becomes ___ so it allows __ air to pass
airway, constricted, less
134
tuberculosis is a highly infectious __ infection of the ___
Causes __ of calcium to form around bacteria which protect the bacteria and can __
bacterial, lungs, cysts, replicate
