exam 3 important from lectures

Question 1

the four groups of axillary nodes

Answer 1

central axillary nodes
pectoral
subscapular
lateral

Question 2

central axillary nodes

Answer 2

high up in the middle of the axilla, over the ribs and serratus anterior muscle, receives lymph from the other three groups of nodes

Question 3

pectoral

Answer 3

along the lateral edge of the the pectoralis major muscle, just inside the anterior axillary fold

Question 4

subscapular

Answer 4

along the lateral edge of the scapula, deep in the posterior axillary fold

Question 5

lateral

Answer 5

along the humerus, inside the upper arm

Question 6

developmental competence in adolescents

Answer 6

• at puberty, the estrogen hormones present stimulate breast changes

Question 7

tanner staging and sexual maturity occurs when

Answer 7

around 8-10 yrs. of age

Question 8

what is gynecomastia

Answer 8

when breast tissue enlarges

Question 9

what percent of breast cancers occur in men

Answer 9

less than 1% of breast cancers occur in men

Question 10

gynecomastia may appear?

Answer 10

• may reappear due to a testosterone deficiency
  
  • should follow up with primary care provider if concerned about asymmetry (for aging adults)
  • for adolescents reassure the patient that everyone develops at different times

Question 11

if you have a first-degree relative (parent) that was diagnosed with breast cancer what should you know

Answer 11

that the patient is at an increased risk of having breast cancer

Question 12

supernumerary nipple

Answer 12

an extra nipple on the embryonic “milk line” on the thorax or abdomen

Question 13

collecting objective data

Answer 13

1) when inspecting: have the patient stand straight up with their hands to their sides to view symmetry
2) inspect and palpate the axilla
3) palpate the breasts
4) if examining someone with a healed mastectomy palpate the intact breast first then the abnormal one

Question 14

if a women comes in and mentions a right breast lump that she has discovered herself which breast do you exam first?

Answer 14

the left one so that you know what normal breast feels like for her, and to be able to compare it with the abnormal one

Question 15

edema (Peau D’Orange)

Answer 15

when the skin thickens and exaggerates the hair follicles
- Peau d’orange, French for “orange skin,” is a term used to describe a skin condition characterized by dimpling and pitting that resembles the surface of an orange peel

Question 16

mammary duct ectasia

Answer 16

a paste-like matter in the subcolar ducts that produces sticky, purulent discharge that may be yellow-green or bloody

Question 17

with benign (fibrocystic) breast cancer and fibroadenoma what should you make sure to look for?

Answer 17

is it moveable?
is there just one lump?

Question 18

what populations are at the highest risks for dehydration

Answer 18

older adults
infants and children
individuals with chronic illnesses
individuals who work out in the elements

Question 19

normal electrolyte level for potassium

Answer 19

Potassium (K+) 3.5 - 5 mEq/L

Question 20

normal electrolyte number for sodium

Answer 20

Sodium (Na+) 136 - 145 mEq/L

Question 21

normal electrolyte value for calcium

Answer 21

Calcium (Ca2+) 9 - 10.5 mg/dL

Question 22

normal electrolyte value for magnesium

Answer 22

Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.3 - 2.1 mg/dL

Question 23

potassium

Answer 23

Helps with nerve and muscle cell function
plays an important role in the muscle cells in the heart.

Question 24

low potassium

Answer 24

Low potassium levels are called hypokalemia.
* Symptoms include:
* Muscle Weakness
* Hypotension
* Dysrhythmia

Question 25

high potassium

Answer 25

High potassium levels are known as hyperkalemia. Symptoms include: Decreased deep tendon reflexes Paralysis Dysrhythmia

Question 26

sodium

Answer 26

Supports the function of nerves and muscles Maintains normal blood pressure regulates the body’s fluid balance. Low sodium levels are called hyponatremia. High sodium levels are called hypernatremia.

Question 27

possible assessment findings of hypervolemia (Exam)

Answer 27

Tachycardia Crackles in the lungs Cough Pallor Peripheral Edema

Question 28

intravenous rehydration

Answer 28

Small particles that can easily pass from the bloodstream into cells and tissues are known as crystalloid solutions. Each crystalloid solution is categorized by its tonicity, or ability to make water move in or out of cells via osmosis. Hypotonic solutions move water from extracellular space into cells. Hypertonic solutions cause water to leave the cells. There is no movement between extracellular and intracellular fluids in isotonic solutions. Appropriate fluids should be chosen based on the patient’s condition

Question 29

common causes of metabolic acidosis

Answer 29

Kidney disease Lactic acidosis Diabetic keto acidosis – ketones that are acidic build up when diabetes is uncontrolled Severe dehydration Severe diarrhea due to loss of too much sodium bicarbonate

Question 30

common causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 30

Diuretic overuse Excess vomiting Antacids Loss of potassium or sodium from the body quickly Ingestion of bicarbonate Alcohol abuse Laxatives Heart, kidney, or liver failure

Question 31

what is respiratory alkalosis

Answer 31

Respiratory alkalosis occurs when the carbon dioxide levels in the body drop too low and may result from breathing too fast or too deep. Hyperventilation, or over-breathing, is a common cause of respiratory alkalosis Due to the action of deep or rapid breathing ridding the body of too much carbon dioxide.

Question 32

hypotonic solution with IV therapy

Answer 32

Hypotonic – water moves into cells - 0.45% Sodium Chloride - Treats hypernatremia

Question 33

isotonic with IV therapy

Answer 33

Isotonic – water doesn’t move in or out - 0.9% Sodium Chloride - Treats dehydration

Question 34

hypertonic with IV therapy

Answer 34

Hypertonic – water moves out of cells - 3% Sodium Chloride - Treats symptomatic hyponatremia

Question 35

normal ranges: pH PaCO2 HCO3

Answer 35

pH = 7.35-7.45 PaCO2 = 35-45 mmHg HCO3 = 22-26 mEq/L