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ISS 220 > Exam 3 - information > Flashcards

Exam 3 - information Flashcards

1
Q

What is Paleoanthroplogy?

A

the interdisciplinary study of the hominin fossil record

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2
Q

What is a fossil?

A

Preserved remains, or traces of animals, plants, or other organisms that turned into rock

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3
Q

What is the process of fossilization?

A

process where the organic components of a material are replaced with minerals

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4
Q

What is relative dating?

A

Determining if a object is younger or older in relation to something else
TECHNIQUES:
-principle of superimposition
-Biostratigraphy

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5
Q

What is the Principle of Superimposition?

A

Rocks are deposited in layers, thus the oldest is on the bottom, and the youngest is on top

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6
Q

What is Biostratigraphy?

A

Relative dating technique that uses the association of fossils in strata (distinguishable layers in rock) to determine each layers to determines layers approx. age

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7
Q

What is Chronometric Dating?

A

Determining the absolute age of an object

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8
Q

What is Radiometric Dating?

A
  • Measures ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12
  • has a half life of 5730 years
  • Organic material is 1,000-75,000 years old
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9
Q

What is Potassium-Argon Dating?

A
  • Measures ratio of potassium-40 to argon-40
  • half life of 1.25 billion years
  • Volcanic rocks 1-5 million years old
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10
Q

What is Paleomagnetic Dating?

A
  • Dating method based on earths shifting magnetic poles

- used on sedimentary rocks up to 5 million years old

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11
Q

What is the importance of the skeleton?

A

It gives us clues for:

  • locomotion
  • soft tissue details (brain size, muscles)
  • diet
  • individual features (sex, age, pathology)
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12
Q

What are key hominin features?

A
  • bipedal locomotion
  • large brain size
  • tool making
  • dentition
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13
Q

What is mosaic evolution?

A
  • Pattern of evolution where the ratio of evolution of one functional system varies from that of other systems
  • Different functional systems arose at different times
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14
Q

What is the Savannah Hypothesis?

A

Traditional bipedalism theory where the forests turned into savanahs, forcing adaptation to move about the ground. No real evidence

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15
Q

What is the Visual Surveillance Hypothesis?

A
  • Standing upright gave us vision improvement of surroundings (spot predators, locate food, find others)
  • Still clumsy runners
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16
Q

What is the Thermoregulation Hypothesis?

A
  • Vertical body position helped early hominins stay cool

- However many primates solve this by resting during the hottest points of the day

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17
Q

What is the Carrying Stuff Hypothesis?

A

-bipedalism theory where we walked upright to carry things such as food, young, and weapons

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18
Q

What is the Bush Hypothesis?

A
  • bipedalism theory where we started changing out diets to fruit
  • Can reach fruit and revert to quadrepedalism
19
Q

What is the Aquatic Ape Theory?

A
  • bipedalism theory where our ancestors would wade through shallow water to forage for food
  • buoyant water helped them develop upright walking
  • however no primates forage in water and there are tons of predators
20
Q

What is the Energy Efficient Theory?

A
  • Bipedalism = more efficient for long distances

- early on it was inefficient

21
Q

What was Lovejoy’s Provisioning Hypothesis?

A

Males carry resources back to females and dependent young

  • increased offspring survival
  • increased female reproduction rates
  • but assumes monogomy and fossils show sexual dimorphism
22
Q

What was Postural Feeding?

A

-Bipedalism needed for support on smaller branches

23
Q

What are the key advantages of Bipedalism?

A
  • Energy efficient
  • allows use of hands for carrying
  • better view of surroundings
  • helps keep body cool
24
Q

What is a bipedalism feature of skulls?

A

forearm magnem: located at base of skull

25
What is a bipedalism feature of the spine?
S-shaped curvature
26
What is a bipedalism feature of the pelvis?
Glutius maximus: repositioned behind the hip
27
What is a bipedalism feature of the femur?
Angled inward
28
What is a bipedalism feature of the knee?
robust joint, allows for full extension and locking
29
What is a bipedalism feature of the foot?
Enlarged and in-line big toe, traverse and longitudinal arches
30
What are the stages of Bipedalism?
Early Bipedalism: 7-6 myo, occasionally used biped Occasional to Habitual Bipedalism: environmental change to terrestrial resources, natural selection favored bipeds Obligate Bipedalism: environmental shift to savannahs, biped was more efficient for distance running
31
What are running adaptations caused from Bipedalism?
``` Nuchal ligament (head stabilization) Longer legs (longer strides) Expanded joint surfaces (shock absorbers) Increased balance Increased vision, image stabilization More power, spring energy, shocks ```
32
What were the Pre-Australopithes?
Possible first ancestor in human lineage
33
What was the evidence of Bipedalism in Sahelothropus tchodensis?
based on the orientation of the faramen magnum (spine)
34
What was the evidence of Bipedalism in Orrorin Tugenensis?
- Proximal femur - Slightly anteriorly rotated spherical head - Presence of an intertrchant groove - Elongated neck
35
What was the evidence of Bipedalism in Ardipithecus Ramidus?
- No prognation below nasal aperture - non honing complex - humerus
36
What is prognathism?
- Forward projection of the face | - Generally the maxilla or mandible
37
What is the Honing Complex?
Upper canine is sharpened | -Diastema: gap to accommodate canines
38
What are the key features of Australopithes?
- bipedal - small brains - large teeth - thick enamel
39
What are key features of the Genus Paranthropus?
adaptations for powerful chewing - huge molars and promolars - large deep mandibles - flatter face - broad flaring cheekbones - saggital chest
40
What are key trends of the genus Homo?
- increased cranial capacity - brain complexity - reduced tooth size - improved bipedalism - use of tools
41
What is the difference between Homo habilus and Homo rudolfensis?
sheer size of brain, teeth, and longer face
42
What tools did H. erectus use?
- Acheulean tools - bifacial handaxes - concerned with shaped
43
What tools did H. Habilus use?
- Oldowan tools - Crude, pebble tools - interested in sharp edges

ISS 220 (6 decks)

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