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Histology > Exam 3 Lecture: Urinary System Organization > Flashcards

Exam 3 Lecture: Urinary System Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Superficially, what is the role of the kidneys?

A

to clean the blood

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2
Q

How does the kidney clean the blood?

A

Via a two step process

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3
Q

What is the first step of the 2-step process the kidney goes though?

A

filtration of blood as it runs through the organ to produce an unfiltrate

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4
Q

What is the second step of the 2-step process the kidney goes through?

A

selective reabsorption of desired components from that filtrate and their return to the bloodstream

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5
Q

How does the kidney maintain the extracellular fluid?

A

by controlling how much of the filtrate returns to the blood stream and how much of the filtrate remains as urine

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6
Q

What is the most important think the kidney does?

A

it handles water and Na

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7
Q

What enzymes does the kidney release?

A

renin and EPO

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8
Q

What is the importance of renin?

A

an important hormone for normal renal function and maintenance of blood pressure

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9
Q

What is the importance of EPO?

A

important for red blood cell production amongst all other things

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10
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

dorsally and slightly posteriorly in the lumbar region on either side of the spinal column

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11
Q

What is the outer covering of the kidney and what is it composed of?

A

the capsule, collagen and some smooth muscle

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12
Q

What is the function of the capsule?

A

to provide structural integrity to the kidney, because there is almost no connective tissue in the kidney

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13
Q

What are the two layers of the kidney?

A

the cortex and the medulla

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14
Q

What is the appearance of the cortex?

A

darker and granular

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15
Q

True or false: the differences between the cortex and the medulla are only physical

A

false: they are also chemical

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16
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

the nephron

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17
Q

In simple terms, what is the nephron?

A

an epithelial lined tube

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18
Q

What is the number of nephrons proportional to?

A

the size of the kidney; a larger kidney has more nephrons

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19
Q

What are the two classes of the nephron?

A

cortical or juxtamedullary

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20
Q

How do the two types of the nephron differ?

A

in their abilities to absorb various things and in the way they respond to some hormones

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21
Q

What are the little granular blobs/balls in the cortex?

A

the renal corpusles

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22
Q

What is the cortical labyrinth and where is it located?

A

mess of tubing that is composed of proximal and distal convoluted tubules; located in the cortex

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23
Q

What are the medullary rays and where are they located?

A

extensions of the cortex that project into the medulla containing proximal and distal straight tubules, and the collecting ducts

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24
Q

What is located in the outer medulla?

A

loops of henle, collecting ducts, and distal straight tubules

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25
what is located in the inner medulla?
collecting ducts
26
What is the function of the renal corpuscle?
filtration
27
What is the first stage of renal physiology and where does it occur?
filtration: blood enters the kidney via the renal artery and gets sent out to renal corpuscles in the cortex
28
What occurs in the glomerulus?
blood gets squeezed through the walls of the capillaries for filtration
29
What is the function of the bowmans capsule?
to collect the filtrate excreted by the glomerulus
30
What is the renal corpuscle?
the bowmans capsule + the glomerulus
31
What is the vascular pole?
where the capillaries enter
32
What is the urinary pole?
where the proximal tubule leaves
33
How is blood supplied to the glomerulus?
by an afferent arteriole
34
How is blood drained from the glomerulus?
by the efferent arteriole
35
What helps generate high pressure in the glomerulus?
the stretchiness difference between the efferent and afferent arterioles
36
Which arteriole generates more resistance to blood flow?
the efferent
37
How does the distal straight tubule make contact with arterioles/glomerulus?
at the macula densa
38
What about the capillaries of the glomerulus allow blood to get filtered into the urinary space?
they are fenestrated
39
How are the capillaries of the glomerulus supported?
by the mesangial cells
40
What is the function of intraglomerular mesangial cells?
supportive cells that are also contractile and phagocytic
41
Where are intraglomerular mesangial cells located?
in the glomerulus
42
Where are extraglomerular mesangial cells located?
near the vascular pole
43
What are the extraglomerular mesangial cells important for?
the renin-angiotensin system
44
What is the visceral layer of the renal corpuscle?
the part of the bowmans capsule that touches the glomerulus; makes intimate contact with the capillaries
45
What is the parietal layer of the renal corpuscle?
the part of the capsule that is not touching the capillaries
46
What is the cell type of the parietal layer?
simple squamous epithelial cells
47
What is the cell type of the visceral layer?
podocytes
48
What is the function of podocytes?
they aid in glomerular filtration
49
What are pedicels?
finger like projections of podocytes that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus
50
What is the first stage of the filtration apparatus?
plasma is filtered through pores of capillary and fenestrated capillaries
51
What is the second step if the filtration apparatus?
Plasma is filtered b the basal lamina of the visceral layer
52
What are the layers of the basal lamina?
2 layers of lamina rara that sandwich the lamina densa within
53
What is the lamina densa made of?
collagen
54
What is the 3rd stage of the filtration apparatus?
plasma is filtered by slit diaphragm, a protein sheet full of holes secreted by podocytes
55
What is the structure of proximal tubules?
cuboidal epithelium, microvilli on the lumen, large basolaterally located nuclei and lots of mitochondria
56
What is the function of proximal tubules?
absorption using an active process
57
What is the structure of distal tubules?
low cuboidal, more oval apical nuclei, few microvilli, few mitochondria, lumen is not as fuzzy
58
What is the function of distal tubules?
reabsorption, but not as powerful as the proximal tubule
59
What are distal tubules impermeable to?
H20 and urea
60
What are the regions of the collecting ducts?
cortical, medullary, and papillary
61
What cell types are in the cortical collecting ducts?
principle and intercalated
62
What is located in principle cortical collecting duct cells?
mitochondria and microvili
63
What is are the types of intercalated cells?
type A and type B
64
What is the function of type a intercalated cells?
excrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3-; also reabsorb K+
65
What is the function of type b intercalated cells?
Excrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+
66
What type of cells are located in the outer medulla collecting ducts?
principle cells and intercalated cells
67
What type of cells are located in the inner medulla collecting ducts?
principle cells only
68
What cells are located in the papillary collecting ducts?
principle cells
69
Is water permeable in the collecting ducts?
no, it is only permeable when ADH is present
70
What is the structure of collecting ducts?
cuboidal epithelium, large nucleus with a halo around it, diminished brush border
71
What is the structure of the loops of Henle?
simple squamous and few mitochondria, bulging nuclei; have an ascending and descending limb
72
What is the function of descending limb?
permeable to H2O but impermeable to Na+
73
What is the function of the ascending limb?
not really permeable to H2O but permeable to Na+
74
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular aparatus?
in charge of altering GFR
75
What is the macula densa?
a specialized group of cuboidal cells on the wall of the distal tubule
76
Where is the macula densa located?
at the junction of the straight and convoluted distal tubule
77
What is the structure of the macula densa?
densely packed tall cells with no basal lamina
78
What does the lack of basal lamina in the macula densa allow?
direct contact between the extraglomerular mesangial cells and justaglomerular cells
79
What do extraglomerular mesangial cells receive a signal from?
the macula densa and pass it on to the juxtaglomerular cells
80
What are juxtaglomerular cells?
specialized smooth muscle cells full of renin inclusions
81
What is the function of the ureter?
convey urine from the kidney to the bladder via peristalsis
82
What type of epithelium is the ureter lined with?
transitional epithelium
83
What is the function of the transitional epithelium?
protection and distension
84
What does the lamina propria in the ureter do?
provides a layer of separation from the harmful osmotically active acidic urine and the underlying tissues
85
What are the muscle layers in the ureter?
an inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
86
What is the outermost layer of the ureter?
tunica adventitia
87
What type of epithelium is in the bladder?
transitional epithelium
88
What is the layer directly adjacent to the transitional epithelium of the bladder?
2 lamina propria layers - for an osmotic barrier
89
What are the muscle layers of the bladder?
a inner longitudinal layer, a middle circle layer, and a outer longitudinal layer
90
What are the muscle layers of the bladder called?
the detrusor muscle
91
What does the middle circular muscle layer form | ?
the internal sphincter muscle
92
What type of muscle is the external sphincter?
the skeletal muscle
93
What is the function of the urethra?
convey urine from the bladder during voiding
94
What type of epithelium is in the urethra?
transitional
95
What is directly adjacent to the epithelial layer of the urethra?
a large lamina propria where muscous glanda are occasionally present
96
What is the mucous gland in the lamina propria of the urethra called?
glands of littre
97
What are the muscle layers of the urethra?
the inner circular layer and the outer longitudinal layer

Histology (36 decks)

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