Exam 3 Material

Question 1

Whose research links non-musculoskeletal (visceral) effects with spinal joint dysfunction?

Answer 1

Korrs

Question 2

All of the following are the same condition EXCEPT

• Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
• Complex regional pain syndrome
• Reflexalgia
• Causalgia

Answer 2

Reflexalgia

Question 3

What term refers to complete transection of the nerve where recovery is unlikely without surgical nerve repair?

Answer 3

Neurotemesis

Question 4

Axoplasmic transport that moves substances towards the cell body is termed ___

Answer 4

Retrograde axoplasmic transport

Question 5

Which of the following is correct regarding the effects of immobilization degeneration on the nucleus pulposis of the IVD?

• Decrease in osteophyte formation
• Increase in waste removal from the disc
• Loss of fluid exchange through the endplates
• Increase in disc height

Answer 5

Loss of fluid exchange through the endplates

Question 6

Which idea assumes that pain/disability is a complex physical and subjective phenomenon that consists of a host of factors?

Answer 6

Biopsychosocial model of pain

Question 7

Which of the following refers to pain resulting from stimuli that are normally painless?

• Nociception
• Allodynia
• Hypoalgesia
• Hyperalgesia

Answer 7

Allodynia

Question 8

What is allodynia?

Answer 8

Pain resulting from stimuli that are normally painless

Question 9

Spinal joint lesions that may trigger facilitation induced reflexes that impair or disturb visceral function describes which hypothesis (reflex)?

Answer 9

Somatovisceral

Question 10

The ___ model of patient care places the patient first and acknowledges that people with similar presentations may not need the same treatment

Answer 10

biopsychosocial

Question 11

What is the term for increased excitability of nociceptive neurons in the CNS?

Answer 11

Central sensitization

Question 12

Vascular compression can lead to which of the following? (all that apply)

• Increase waste removal
• Swelling and increased pressure
• Venous congestion
• Microvalvular or focal ischemia

Answer 12

• Venous congestion
• Microvalvular or focal ischemia

Question 13

The 3 stages of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) include…

Answer 13

• Dystrophic
• Acute
• Atrophic

Question 14

Which blood vessels are responsible for venous drainage of the spine?

Answer 14

Baston’s plexus

Question 15

According to Crenlins research the nerve roots occupy at most ___% of the foraminal space

Answer 15

50%

Question 16

Vitalism refers to…

Answer 16

the healing power of nature

Question 17

_____ is a state of optimal well being including spiritual, physical, mental, emotional and environmental

Answer 17

Health

Question 18

A segmental joint dysfunction having a reflexive sympathetic effect on the digestive function would be an example of which type of reflex?

Answer 18

Somatovisceral

Question 19

What is the term for a localized conduction block with intact axons, usually resulting a contusion injury?

Answer 19

Neuropraxian

Question 20

What is defined as an “imbalance in afferents input such that there is an increase in nociceptor input and a decrease in mechanoreceptor input”?

Answer 20

Dysafferentation

Question 21

Which three of the following are thought to contribute to the sensitization of local nociceptors?

• Lipase
• Histamine
• Substance P
• Bradykinin

Answer 21

• Histamine
• Substance P
• Bradykinin

(not lipase)

Question 22

The transport of proteins, glycoproteins, and neurotransmitters may be altered in cases in which the spinal roots or nerves are compressed or irritated by subluxation or facilitation.
Which hypothesis is this associated with?

Answer 22

Axoplasmic aberration hypothesis

Question 23

Restoring motion to a motion segment could have a direct influence on the intrinsic vascular system by which of the following? (all that apply)

• Restoration of normal vascular function
• Increasing venous stasis
• Removing mechanical compression on vessels
• Clearing out inflammatory exudates

Answer 23

• Resorption of normal vascular function
• Removing mechanical compression on vessels
• Clearing out inflammatory exudates

Question 24

___ can result from a crushing injury in which the axon is served, but the endoneurium remains intact

Answer 24

Axonotemesis

Question 25

Which of the following are stages in the general adaptation syndrome? (all that apply) * Resistance * Acute * Exhaustion * Dystrophic

Answer 25

* Resistance * Exhaustion

Question 26

Which model looks at a patient as a whole rather than as a collection of separate parts?

Answer 26

Holism

Question 27

Changes to cartilage during immobilization include a decrease in ___

Answer 27

decrease in proteoglycans

Question 28

Which of the following is characterized by stabilization and immobilization? * VSC phase 3 * VSC phase 1 * VSC phase 2 * VSC phase 4

Answer 28

VSC phase 3

Question 29

Radicular symptoms can be produced by which of the following? (all that apply) * Vascular insufficiency * Radiculitis * Disc herniation * Edema

Answer 29

* Radiculitis * Disc herniation * Edema

Question 30

General adaptation syndrome is associated with which researcher?

Answer 30

Seyle

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT correct about the changes to synovial fluid during immobilization? * Strands of fibrin precipitate * Precipitate can become a matric for adhesions * Undergoes fiber fatty consolidation * Decreases in viscosity

Answer 31

Decreases in viscosity (not correct)

Question 32

Which stage of general adaptation syndrome is associated with fatigue, anxiety, and depression?

Answer 32

Exhaustion

Question 33

Partial or total fixation or immobilization of the spinal joints, especially when combined with trauma, commonly promotes pro-inflammatory changes in cartilage and disc destruction, and osteophytic and architectural changes. What is the term for this?

Answer 33

Immobilization degeneration

Question 34

Who proposed that nerve irritation causes hyperfunction and pain while nerve compression reduces nerve energy?

Answer 34

DD palmer

Question 35

Intervertebral subluxations may interfere with the normal nerve transmission of nerve energy i.e. action potential, and other associated neural phenomenon by irritating or compressing the spinal nerve roots. Which hypothesis is this?

Answer 35

Neuropathology hypothesis

Question 36

____ is/ are associated with elements important to nerves growth (trophic factor) (transport or reflexes)

Answer 36

Anterograde axonal transport

Question 37

Polymodal nociceptors can be activated by which types of stimulation? * Mechanical * Thermal * Chemical

Answer 37

**All of the above** * Mechanical * Thermal * Chemical

Question 38

The initial fiber that is damaged in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is/are:

Answer 38

C fibers

Question 39

Spinal joint tensions may, through largely sympathetically mediated influences, modify specific, and nonspecific immune responses and alter trophic functions of the involved nerves. This describes which idea?

Answer 39

Neurodystrophic Hypothesis

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT true about patient centered care? * Procedures are tailored to the patient * The doctor patient relationship is intertwined with the procedures * The patient takes a passive role * The patient needs guide during the encounter

Answer 40

The patient takes a passive role (not true)

Question 41

Which of the following is not associated with disease model of patient care? * Proactive * Symptom based * Mechanistic * Reactive

Answer 41

Proactive (not associated)

Question 42

Who was one of the first to use the term Immobilization Degeneration to describe the process?

Answer 42

Lantz

Question 43

True or False: Peripheral nerves are more predisposed to irritation or compression than nerve roots

Answer 43

False

Question 44

True or False: Larger fibers are more susceptible to compression than smaller fibers of the same type

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Axoplasmic elements responsible for nerve growth use ____ transport

Answer 45

anterograde