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Neuropharmacology > Exam 3 Material > Flashcards

Exam 3 Material Flashcards

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1
Q

What is pain?

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience which we primarily associate with tissue damage or describe in terms of tissue damage (or both)

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2
Q

The inability to communicate _____ does not negate the possibility that an individual is experiencing ___ and is in need of appropriate treatment.

A

verbally; pain

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3
Q

Define transduction in relation to pain.

A

noxious stimuli are converted to electrical signals in sensory nerve endings

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4
Q

Define transmission in relation to pain.

A

neural event which relay the information from the periphery to the cortex

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5
Q

Define modulation in relation to pain.

A

the nervous system can selectively inhibit the transmission of pain signal

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6
Q

Define perception in relation to pain.

A

subjective interpretation by the cortex of the noxious stimulus

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7
Q

What types of components make up perception of pain?

A

a sensory component and an affective component

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8
Q

What is the pain detection threshold?

A

a property of the sensory system and highly reproducible in individuals

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9
Q

What is pain tolerance?

A

highly variable among individuals; dependent on affective component

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10
Q

Ascending pain system ____ information from ____ _____ to brain.

A

transmits; nerve endings

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11
Q

Descending pain system allows the ____ to modulate incoming information by sending projections to the ____ _____.

A

brain; spinal cord

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12
Q

What are areas of pain in the cortex?

A

insula; acc; thalamus; somatosensory cortex

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13
Q

What is the DRG (dorsal root ganglion) made of?

A

thousands of cell bodies

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14
Q

Where is the DRG located?

A

on each side of the spinal cord at each spinal level

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15
Q

Afferent fibers synapse in the ___ ____ and project up separate pathways to the brain: one pathway is for the _____ ______ aspects of pain and the other is for ____ aspects of pain.

A

dorsal horn; sensory discriminative; emotional

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16
Q

Trigeminal has 3 branches: _____, ______ and _______.

A

opthalamic, maxillary and mandibular

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17
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve send projections to?

A

throughout the brainstem

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18
Q

Where do touch sensing neurons in trigeminal nerve project to?

A

the main trigeminal sensory nucleus

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19
Q

Pain sensing neurons project to the ______ trigeminal nucles.

A

spinal (aka spinal nucleus of V)

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20
Q

Proprioceptive neurons project to the ______ trigeminal nucleus.

A

mesencephalic

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21
Q

Cells that release a hormone into the circulating blood in response to a neural stimulus are called _______ ______.

A

neuroendocrine cells

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22
Q

What kinds of hormones to neuroendocrine cells release?

A

amines, specialized amino acids or peptides

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23
Q

A large source of neuroendocrine cells can be found in the CNS region called the ______.

A

hypothalamus

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24
Q

What body functions does the hypothalamus play a role in regulating? (6)

A 
1-temperature regulation
2- water/salt balance
3- responses to stress
4- food intake
5- sleep
6- reproductive system
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25
The neuroendocrine cells of the hypothalamus can release _____ into the blood stream to the _____ _____ where they modulate endocrine cells
hormones; anterior pituitary
26
Where do anterior pituitary endocrine cells release hormones to?
the general circulation
27
What is released from the posterior pituitary?
oxytocin and vasopressin
28
Does the hypothalamus have a direct connection to the posterior pituitary?
yes
29
Name four of the five hypothalamic hormones that signal the anterior pituitary.
``` 1- CRH 2- TRH 3- GnRH 4- GHRH 5- PRH ```
30
What is the target of CRH?
ACTH
31
What is the garget of TRH?
TSH
32
What is the target of GnRH?
FSH and LH
33
What is the target of GHRH?
GH
34
What is the target of PRH?
PL
35
What is the target of ACTH?
adrenal gland
36
What is the target of beta-endorphin?
opioid receptor
37
What is the target of TSH?
thyroid gland
38
What is the target of FSH?
gonads
39
What is the target of LH?
gonads
40
What is the target of GH or STH?
liver and adipose tissue
41
What is the target of PL?
ovaries, mammary glands
42
What is the effect of ACTH?
secretion of glucocorticoid
43
What is the effect of beta-endoprhin?
inhibit pain
44
What is the effect of TSH?
secretion of thyroid hormones
45
What is the effect of FSH?
growth of reproductive system
46
What is the effect of LH?
sex hormone production
47
What is the effect of GH or STH?
promotes growth; lip and carbohydrate metabolism
48
What is the effect of PL?
secretion of estrogens/progesterone; milk production
49
What is the target of oxytocin?
uterus, mammary glands
50
What is the effect of oxytocin?
increase contractions, milk ejection
51
What is the target of vasopressin?
kidney tubules, arterioles
52
What is the effect of vasopressin?
increase H2O reabsorption and vasoconstriction
53
TRH released from _____ stimulates the release of _____ from anterior pituitary.
hypothalamus; TSH
54
TSH acts of Gs-coupled GPCRs in ______ to promote the release of ___ and ____.
thyroid; T3 and T4
55
T3 and T4 act via nuclear receptors to modulate _____ _____.
gene transcription
56
GNRH from the hypothalamus promotes the release of ____ and _____ from the anterior pituitary.
FSH, LH
57
FSH and LH act on the testes or ovaries to contribute to maturation of sperm/eggs and to synthesize the release of ______ and ______.
testosterone; estrogen
58
Testosterone/estrogen can inhibit production of both _____ from the hypothalamus and ___ from pituitary via feedback inhibition.
GnRH; LH
59
What acts as an agonist and desensitizes GnRH receptors?
leuprolide
60
What is leuprolide used for?
to suppress overproduction of testosterone/estrogen for cancer therapy
61
What does dopamine released from the hypothalamus inhibit the release of from the pituitary?
prolactin
62
How is prolactin mediated?
via D2 receptors
63
Dopamine agonists have what impact on prolactin?
they inhibit the release of
64
What types of medications can increase the release of prolactin?
D2 blockers (antipsychotics)
65
What impact on prolactin do dopamine antagonists have?
they increase the release of prolactin
66
Name the six peptides that increase feeding?
``` 1- ghrelin 2- NPY 3- ARP 4- orexin 5- MCH 6- gulanin ```
67
What are the major peptides that decrease feeding?
1- leptin 2- CRH 3- CCK 4- insulin
68
Myelination or no? 1- Alpha beta fibers 2- Alpha delta fibers 3- C fibers
1- yes 2- yes 3- no
69
Conduction speed? 1- Alpha beta fibers 2- Alpha delta fibers 3- C fibers
1- very fast 2- fast 3- slow
70
What do they convey? 1- Alpha beta fibers 2- Alpha delta fibers 3- C fibers
1- light touch, vibration 2- pricking pain, cold, thermal 3- burning, aching pain, high threshold for thermal
71
Which fibers convey first pain?
A delta
72
Which fibers convey second pain?
C fibers
73
Nociceptors within the DRG or TG respond to noxious _____ or ____ for example but not to non-noxious ______ force.
pinprick; pinch; mechanical
74
Some nociceptive afferents are termed ______ since they respond to multiple modes of stimulation.
polymodal
75
Sensory afferents for _____ and ____ have specialized receptors at the nerve endings that detect specific stimuli.
temperature; pain
76
What effect do P2X receptors have on neurons?
excitatory and depolarizing
77
What kind of channel are P2X receptors?
non-selective: Na+, K+, Ca++
78
What activates P2X channels?
ATP
79
What are acid-sensing ion channels activated by?
H+
80
ASICs contribute to perception of ______ in conditions associated with tissue acidosis, ____, _____, tumors and lesions.
pain; ischemia; inflammation
81
ASICs may also contribute to neuronal damage after _____ due to _____.
strokes; ischemia
82
ASIC3 and ASIC1 are the most important ASICs in the ____ and the ___, respectively.
PNS; CNS
83
ASIC3 activity is up-regulated by activators of the ____ pathway released during inflammation.
PKC
84
Peripheral inflammation also increases the ASIC transcript levels in ____ and ___ _____.
DRG; spinal cord
85
How many ASICs are there?
four kinds
86
What does pH.5 compare to?
EC50
87
What is a result of inflammatory response that would activate ASICs?
the pH goes down
88
What is the major function of an ASIC channel?
it integrates a lot of things
89
What is a major characteristic of TRP channels?
they are temperature sensitive
90
What is unique about TRP channels when compared to other ligand gated ion channels?
the binding site is intracellular
91
What is the ligand for TRP channels?
they're not sure but lipids are suspected since anandimide can activate it
92
What temp range and foods activate TRPA1?
10-20C; garlic, cinammon, etc and lots of foods
93
What temp range and foods activate TRPM8?
15-20 C; mint
94
What temp range and foods activate TRPV4?
25-30C; no food listed
95
What temp range and foods activate TRPV3?
30-40C; camphor
96
What temp range and foods activate TRPV1?
40-45C; chilli and camphor
97
What temp range and foods activate TRPV2?
50+C; no food listed
98
Which TRP receptors are most likely to sense for heat?
TRP Vs
99
Which TRP receptors are likely to sense for pH/reactive chemicals?
TRP_1
100
pain 30
pain 30
101
Where is serotonin synthesized?
raphe nuclei of the midbrain
102
What four processes do serotonin circuits influence?
1- arousal 2- sensory processing 3- mood 4- emotion
103
Tryptophan --> _____ --> serotonin --> N-acetyl serotonin --> _____
5-HTP; melatonin
104
What acts on tryptophan to convert it to 5-HTP?
tryptophan hydroxylase
105
What acts on 5-HTP to convert it to serotonin?
L-AADC
106
What acts on serotonin to convert it to N-ac serotonin?
5HT-N acetylase
107
What degrades serotonin?
MAO or Aldehyde dehydrogenase
108
Where is over 90% of 5-HT found in the body?
GI tract
109
Where is 5-HT found in the body?
Brain, spinal cord, liver, bones, platelets, GI tract
110
Approximately how many types and subtypes of serotonin receptors are there?
at least 15
111
which serotonin receptor plays a role in anxiety/depression?
5HT1A
112
which serotonin receptor plays a role in migraine?
5HT1D
113
Which serotonin receptor plays a role in nausea and vomiting?
5HT3
114
What makes the 5HT3 receptors unique among MAO receptors?
it a family of ligand-gated ion channels
115
What four families of serotonin receptors are there?
channel linked g protein coupled kinase-linked intracellular
116
What is the function of Gs stimulatory serotonin channels?
activates Ca channels, activates adenylyl cyclase
117
What is the function of Gi inhibitory serotonin channels?
activates K channels, inhibits adenylyl cyclase
118
What is the function of Gq serotonin channels?
activates phospholipase c
119
What is the function of Go serotonin channels?
inhibits Ca channels

Neuropharmacology (3 decks)

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