Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuropharmacology > Exam 4 Material > Flashcards

Exam 4 Material Flashcards

(87 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Fear is divided into ____ fear and ____ fear.

A

innate; learned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What coordinates the global response to a perceived threat?

A

the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sensory input to ___ ____ activates numerous effector sites for physiological and behavioral fear response.

A

central nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 8 physical responses of the amygdala?

A

sympathetic activation (tachycardia, bp increase, etc); urination/defecation; increased vigilance/attention; increased startle; hypoalgesia; fear facial expression; corticosteroid release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Can patients with damage to the amygdala still feel fear?

A

yes- inhaling CO2 can produce a fear response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What neurotransmitter plays a critical role in the circuitry mediating anxiety?

A

corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What two components make up a memory of a fearful situation and what brain area processes those?

A

1- cognitive processed in hippocampus

2- affective processed in teh mygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of memory component is the precise setting or context in which the danger is experienced?

A

the cognitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of memory is of emotional salience?

A

the affective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In anxiety there is no what?

A

immediately threatening situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anxiety is what kind of association with memory?

A

maladaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

This is characterized by discrete episodes of intense anxiety with somatic symptoms such as tachycardia, tachypnea, and dizziness.

A

Panic disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

this is an unrealistic excessive worry for more than six months with symptoms such as motor tension, sympathetic hyperactivity, and excessive vigilance.

A

Generalized anxiety disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This happens after serious trauma and is associated with cue-eliceted reliving of traumatic experience, increased startle, and nightmares.

A

Post-traumatic stress disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

This is fear of social situations or interactions.

A

social phobia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you treat acute anxiety?

A

benzodiazepines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do you treat GAD?

A

antidepressants or benzos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do you treat panic disorder?

A

long term anti-depressants and behavioral therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do you treat OCD?

A

long term anti-depressants and behavioral therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you treat PTSD?

A

behavioral therapy, cycloserine, ketamine, prazosin, propranolol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does cycloserine work?

A

it’s an NMDA agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does parzosin work?

A

it’s an alpha1 antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a common ending to generic names for benzos?

A

-azepam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the five types of anti-anxiety medications?

A 
1- benzos
2- barbiturates
3- beta adrenergic receptor antagonists
4- newer such as CRF and neuropeptide antagonists
5- 5HT 1A recepor agonists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Name four examples of benzos?
diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, clorazepate, alprazolam, prazepam, halazepam, lorazepam
26
What receptor do barbiturates work on?
GABA-A
27
What are additional therpeutic uses for benzos beyond anxiety?
muscle spasticity seen in MS and cerebral palsy, seizures, and sleep disorders
28
Which benzo treats anxiety?
diazepam
29
Which benzo treats muscle spasticity?
diazepam
30
What three benzos can treat seizures?
clonazepam, diazepam, oxazepam
31
Which benzos can treat sleep disorders?
flurazepam, temazepam, triazolam
32
What are the drawbacks to using benzos?
they can impair intellectual functions, interact with alcohol, and cause withdrawal if stopped suddenly
33
Which benzos have the longest half life?
diazepam, cholrdiazepoxide, prazepam, clorazepate
34
Which benzos have shortest have life?
lorazepam, oxazepam and flurazepam
35
How do benzos that are agonists at the recptor behave?
they reduce anxiety, muscle tension, convulsions, vigilance and memory
36
How do benzos that are inverse agonists at the receptor behave?
they induce anxiety and oppose agonists; only used with research and not used in humans
37
How does flumazenil behave at the receptor?
it prevents both types of agonists and blocks access to BDZ receptor
38
Name the three subunit-selective drugs at alpha-1 receptors?
zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone
39
What function do alpha-1 selective drugs perform?
they are typically used as sleep aids
40
Which alpha-1 selective drug has the longest halflife?
eszopiclone (aka lunesta)
41
How do barbiturates work on the receptor?
they bind to a different allosteric site than benzos on GABA A receptors and directly activate it
42
What are the drawbacks to using barbiturates?
they creat tolerance, physical dependence, liver issues, and can have withdrawal symptoms
43
What are barbiturates typically used for?
anasthesia
44
How do SSRIs work?
they block 5-ht reuptake transporter
45
How do SNRIs work?
they block 5-ht and NE reuptake transporters
46
What are some drawbacks to SNRIs and SSRIs?
they can potentially worsen anxiety for a short time, have side effects including: nausea, diarrhea, decreased sex drive,, anorgasmia, and weight gain
47
SSRIs with a ___ half- life are more likely to cause SSRI discontinuation syndrome.
short
48
How does buspirone act at the receptor?
it is a 5-HT1a receptor agonist
49
Does buspar cause sedation?
no
50
How long does it take for buspar to work?
at least a week
51
How effective is buspar when compared to benzos or SSRIs?
it is not as effective
52
What is vilazodone?
it's a combination of SSRI and buspar
53
How do beta blockers work at the receptor?
they are beta adrenergic antagonists
54
What effect do beta blockers have on NTs?
they reduce the effects of catecholamines
55
What effect on symptoms do beta blockers have?
they reduce anxiety induced heart palpitations, tremor, sweating
56
What types of anxiety is propranolol good to treat?
performance anxiety and PTSD
57
Where are D1 receptors found?
neostriatum, cerebral cortex, olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens
58
Where are D2 receptors found?
neostriatum, olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens
59
Where are D3 receptors found?
nucleus accumbens and islands of calleja
60
Where are D4 receptors found?
midbrain and amygdala
61
Where are D5 receptors found?
hippocampus and hypothalamus
62
most antipsychotic drugs block ___ receptors wheras apriprazole is a _____ ____.
D2, partial agonist
63
What are the reward pathways that are activated?
nucleus accumbens and VTA
64
Output neurons from the NAc are...?
GABAergic
65
Rewarding inputs _____ the activity of GABAergic NAc neurons.
inhibit
66
___ or ____ receptors on NAc neurons are inhibitory.
Opioid, DA
67
Opioids ___ NAc neurons directly but also ____ GABAergic VTA interneurons.
inhibit x2
68
Nicotine activates _____ and ___ VTA neurons.
opioidergic; DA
69
What do cannabinoid do to glutaminergic input into the NAc?
they inhibit it
70
What six thing increase dopamine in the NAc?
``` 1- heroin and cocaine 2- nicotine 3- alcohol intake 4- THC 5- food 6- caffeine ```
71
What causes tolerance to dopamine in the NAc?
compensatory regulation
72
What five types of tolerance are there?
``` 1- PD tolerance 2- PK tolerance 3- behavioral tolerance 4- cross tolerance 5- reverse tolerance ```
73
What is reverse tolerance also known as?
sensitization
74
This is a physiologic tolerance to others of same drug class or similar action.
cross tolerance
75
This is adjustment of behavior to compensate for adverse effects.
behavioral tolerance
76
This is increased metabolism due to enzyme reduction.
pharmacokinetic tolerance (PK tolerance)
77
This is compensatory change of receptor number or sensitivity.
pharmcodynamic tolerance (PD tolerance)
78
Acute cocaine increases dopamine binding to what two receptors?
D1 and D2
79
What happens to compensate for chronic cocaine use?
reduction of Gi and increase of anaylate cyclate (leading to more cAMP and sensitization)
80
Define addiction.
habitual dependence on a substance or practice beyond voluntary control
81
What is the impact of chronic drug use?
normal reward function is replaced and it leads to craving/loss of control/addiction
82
What is one potential cause of aura in migraine?
cortical spreading depression
83
What is cortical spreading depression?
waves of electrical excitability followed by depression that moves across the cortex at approximately 3-6 mm/min
84
Meningeal afferents are sensitive to what types of things?
chemical (low pH, inflammatory mediators) and mechanosensitivity
85
What explains the throbbing pain?
mechanosensitivity
86
What are abortive therapies for migraines?
nsaids, ergots, triptans, CGRP antagonists
87
slide 19 migraines
start with ergot questions

Neuropharmacology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions