Exam#3: Memory

Question 1

what is learning?

Answer 1

de proccess of acquiring new behaviors through experience

Question 2

what is assosiative learning?

Answer 2

learning that two events can occurr together (two stimuli, classical) and (response and consequence, operant)

Question 3

what is cognitive learning?

Answer 3

the acquisition of mental information either by watching others or through language

Question 4

Who was the Founder of Classical Conditioning?

Answer 4

Ivan Pavlov

Question 5

What is Behaviorism? and which concept do psychologist agree with nowadays?

Answer 5

it is a VIEW that explains that psychology should be an objective science that experiments behaviorism without relating it to mental processes. agree w 1 but disagree with 2

Question 6

what is a respondant behavior?

Answer 6

automatic response to a stimulus

Question 7

Neutral stimulus

Answer 7

a stimulus that evokes no response before conditioning

Question 8

unconditioned response (UR) example?

Answer 8

natural response (salivation to food)

Question 9

Unconditioned stimulus (US) example?

Answer 9

stimulus that naturally causes a response (food)

Question 10

Conditioned response (CR) example?

Answer 10

learned response to a conditioned stimulus (salivation to the bell or neutral stimulus)

Question 11

Conditioned stimulus (CS) example?

Answer 11

learned relation with the non associated stimulus (bell)

Question 12

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 12

a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli and anticipate and event

Question 13

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 13

when behavior is strengthened if reinforced or diminishes if punished

Question 14

what is aquisition? and how does it work in classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 14

it is the initial learning of an assosiation. In classical, it is introducing the NS. In operant, it is the strengthening of a reinforced response

Question 15

what is extinction? in classical and operant?

Answer 15

the diminishing of a conditioned response. Classical, when no UR is followed by a CS. In operant, when a response is no longer reinforced

Question 16

generalization

Answer 16

when responding the same way to a similar stimulus as the conditioned stimulus

Question 17

what is pavlov’s legacy? why his studies are so important

Answer 17

because he taught us that almost every organism can learn classical conditioning to adapt to its environment, and processes can be studied objetively

Question 18

what is the law of effect and who elaborated it?

Answer 18

rewarded behaviors are likely to recur (Thorndike)

Question 19

reinforcement

Answer 19

any event that increases the likelihood of a response

Question 20

Shaping

Answer 20

gradually shaping actions into the desired behavior

Question 21

discriminative stimulus

Answer 21

specific stimulus that shows that a response will be reinforced (human faces, green light)

Question 22

successive approximation

Answer 22

reward gradual improvement (closer each time)

Question 23

positive reinforcement

Answer 23

increasing behavior by presenting a reward after the response

Question 24

negative reinforcement

Answer 24

increases a response by removing something negative (taking a headache pill)

Question 25

primary and conditioned reinforcers

Answer 25

natural reinforcers (hungry, food) and conditioned ones (rat learning to get food)

Question 26

continuous reinforcement

Answer 26

rewarding the desired response every time it occurs

Question 27

partial (intermitent reinforcement)

Answer 27

responsed are sometimes reinforced, sometimes not. (casino)

Question 28

what are the four reinforcement schedules?

Answer 28

fixed ratio, variable ratio. fixed interval, variable interval

Question 29

fixed ratio schedule:

Answer 29

reinforcing behavior after a set number of responses

Question 30

variable ratio schedule:

Answer 30

reinforce behavior after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 31

fixed interval schedule:

Answer 31

reinforcing the first response after a certain time period. | checking mail when the time approaches

Question 32

variable interval schedule:

Answer 32

reinforcing the first response after varying time periods (slow and steady because the organism doesnt know when the reward is going to come