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BIOL240W > Exam 3 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the nervous system?

A
  • sensory input
  • integration
  • motor output
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2
Q

What is involved in sensory input?

A
  • receptors respond to external/internal stimuli

- relay message to brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is involved in integration?

A

brain and spinal cord integrate data and send nerve pulses back out

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4
Q

What is involved in motor output?

A

impulses go to effectors, such as the muscles and glands

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the central nervous system?

A
  • consists of brain and spinal cord enclosed in boy coverings
  • serves as an integration center
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • consists of nerves and ganglions

- serves to deliver and send information to and from CNS

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of afferent/sensory neurons?

A
  • specialized neurons to detect stimuli
  • starts in PNS and travels to CNS
  • functions to deliver information about environment or condition of the body to the CNS
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of interneurons?

A
  • located in CNS

- functions to receive and integrate information

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of efferent/motor neurons?

A

-send signals from the CNS to effectors of the PNS, such as muscles, organs, and glands

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10
Q

What are the two types of motor neurons, and when do they predominate?

A
  • sympathetic neurons: during fight or flight

- parasympathetic neurons: during relaxtation

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11
Q

How do hormones and neurons control the post-absorptive state?

A
  • sympathetic nervous system interacts with several hormones to control events of post-absorptive state
  • post-absorptive state is triggered by reduced insulin release as blood glucose levels drop
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12
Q

Why is the lipid bilayer membrane surrounding a neuron impermeable to ions?

A
  • ions must pass through channels to enter or exit the neuron
  • some channels require activation to open and allow passage of ions
  • these ion channels are sensitive to the environment and can change their shape
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of voltage-gated ion channels?

A
  • ion channels that change their structure in response to voltage changes
  • structural changes in protein allow or prevent ion movement
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of ligand-gated ion channels?

A
  • ion channels that change structure in response to a chemical binding to a receptor
  • typical ligands include neurotransmitters
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of leak channels?

A
  • generally open, but may open and close at random

- no actual event that opens the channel; rather, an intrinsic rate of switching between the open and closed states

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16
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

A

approximately -70 millivolts

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17
Q

What is depolarization?

A

when the charges inside and outside the cell become less separated

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18
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

when the charges inside and outside the cell become more separated

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19
Q

What repolarization?

A

when charges begin to move, leading neurons from a depolarized to a polarized state

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20
Q

What structure is needed to return neuron cells to the original ionic conditions?

A

Na+/K+ pump

21
Q

How do Na+ and K+ concentrations look for a typical cell at resting membrane potential?

A
  • Na+ conc. is higher outside the cell than inside

- K+ conc. is higher inside the cell than outside

22
Q

Which ion has more leak channels - K+ or Na+?

A

K+

23
Q

What are local/action potentials?

A

changes in RMP created by the movement of ions

24
Q

How do local potentials and action potentials differ?

A
  • local potentials occur when changes in RMP allow ions to move at the dendrites
  • action potentials occur when local potentials are large enough for ion movement to occur along the axons
25
Q

What are the characteristics of local potentials?

A
  • triggered by stimuli and/or neurotransmitters
  • can depolarize or hyperpolarize membrane
  • local
  • graded
  • reversible if threshold not reached
26
Q

What are the characteristics of action potentials?

A
  • always depolarize

- regulated by voltage-gated ion channels

27
Q

What is the threshold for the “firing” of an action potential?

A

-55 mV

28
Q

What are the 6 steps of an action potential?

A
  • at rest
  • stimulus applied
  • voltage rises
  • voltage falls
  • end of action potential
  • return to rest
29
Q

When does depolarization occur during an action potential?

A

when the voltage rises

30
Q

When does repolarization occur during an action potential?

A

when the voltages falls

31
Q

When are sodium ligand-gated channels open?

A

when the stimulus to generate an action potential is applied

32
Q

When are sodium voltage-gated channels open?

A

when voltage is rising

33
Q

When are potassium voltage-gated channels open?

A

when voltage is falling

34
Q

When are potassium ligand-gated channels open?

A

at the end of the action potential

35
Q

What is the voltage at peak depolarization?

A

+30 mV

36
Q

How do action potentials move from neuron to neuron?

A

when a nerve impulse reaches the end of the axon, a molecule is released that stimulates depolarization of the next neuron in the chain

37
Q

What is neuronal secretion?

A

process of converting the electrical signal of the presynaptic neuron to a chemical signal in the synapse and then back to an electrical signal in the postsynaptic neuron

38
Q

What is involved in the neuronal secretion process?

A
  • presynaptic neuron synthesizes and packages neurotransmitter in synaptic vesicles in the synaptic terminal
  • action potential causes release of neurotransmitter
  • neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and is received by postsynaptic cell
39
Q

What types of neurotransmitters can be released by presynaptic cells?

A
  • excitatory

- inhibitory

40
Q

What is summation/

A

the sum of all local potential changes at the synapses of a postsynaptic cell

41
Q

What is excitatory postsynaptic potential?

A

brings membrane potential toward threshold

42
Q

What channels are open during EPSP?

A

sodium ligand-gated channels

43
Q

What is inhibitory postsynaptic potential?

A

moves membrane potential father from threshold

44
Q

What channels are open during IPSP?

A

potassium ligand-gated

45
Q

What must happen to the neurotransmitter in order to stop a nerve impulse?

A
  • must be broken down by enzyme

- must be taken back up by neuron

46
Q

What are the physiological roles of dopamine?

A
  • motor control
  • motivation
  • arousal
  • cognitive control
  • reinforcement and reward
47
Q

What are the characteristics of ADHD?

A
  • may be due to abnormal levels of dopamine
  • overabundance of dopamine receptors on pre-synaptic cell
  • prevent continued stimulation of post-synaptic cell and prevent propagation of nerve impulse
48
Q

How does Ritalin help those with ADHD?

A
  • acts by blocking actions of the dopamine re-uptake receptor
  • dopamine stays around and can transmit impulse to post-synaptic cell

BIOL240W (23 decks)

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